Created by The School District of Lee County, CSDC in conjunction with Cindy Harrison, Adams 12 Five Star Schools Cues, Questions & Advance Organizers

Participant Outcomes Participants will: Understand the purpose and importance of cues, questions, and advance organizers Identify ways to implement cues, questions, and advance organizers in the classroom Review examples of cues, questions, and advance organizers

Questions and Cues Discussion questions: What makes a good question? How do you currently use cues in your classroom?

Cues and Questions Heart of classroom practice Account for 80% of what occurs in a classroom on a given day Involve explicit reminders/hints about what students are about to experience Activate background knowledge Aid students in process of filling in missing information

Generalizations based on research: 1. Should focus on what is important not unusual. 2. Higher level questions produce deeper learning. 3. Increasing wait time increases depth of answers. 4. Questions are an effective tool even before a learning experience. Research and Theory about Questions and Cues

Generalization #1: Should focus on what is important, not unusual. Unusual may be interesting but can distract from what is important Generalization #2: Higher level questions produce deeper learning. Causes students to restructure info

Sample Lower Level Questioning Based on Bloom's Taxonomy, Developed and Expanded by John Maynard I. KNOWLEDGE (drawing out factual answers, testing recall and recognition) ex. Rules of a game volleyball. II. COMPREHENSION (translating, interpreting and extrapolating) ex. Explain the difference between Volleyball and Tennis III. APPLICATION (to situations that are new, unfamiliar or have a new slant for students) ex. Explain the ball touching the net on a serve for each sport.

Sample Higher Level Questioning IV. ANALYSIS (breaking down into parts, forms) ex. Describe the serve in tennis. V. SYNTHESIS (combining elements into a pattern not clearly there before) ex. List the components of tennis serve and the over- hand serve in Volleyball. VI. EVALUATION (according to some set of criteria, and state why) ex. Choose favorite sport and defend your choice.

Now You Practice… Think about a topic you teach. Write a question you could ask students that would engage the students in each of the 6 levels of Bloom’s taxonomy.

Webb’s Depth of Model Knowledge Sept 2004 DOE memo regarding Cognitive Classification of Test Items Dr. Norman Webb is a professor at the University of Wisconsin’s Center for Educational Research 3 levels of cognitive complexity – low, moderate, and high

Research and Theory about Questions and Cues Generalization #3: Increasing wait time increases depth of answers. Should be several seconds Gives students more time to think Increases discussion and interaction Generalization #4: Questions are an effective tool even before a learning experience. Develops framework

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Questions and Cues a. Use Explicit Cues b. Ask Questions that Elicit Inferences c. Use Analytic Questions

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Questions and Cues a. Use Explicit Cues Preview of what about to learn Activates prior knowledge Should be straightforward Examples:  Tell what lesson is about  Tell what standards/benchmarks will be covered

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Questions and Cues b. Ask Questions that Elicit Inferences c. Use Analytic Questions

Two Categories of Questions Inferential Help students fill in gaps from a lesson, activity, reading Analytic Often require students to use prior knowledge in addition to new knowledge to analyze, critique information

Inferential Questions Answer is implied Read between the lines Student fills in gaps Use prior knowledge Use new knowledge

Inferential Questions Four categories: 1. Things and people 2. Actions 3. Events 4. States

1. Things and People What effect does the location of the server have on the serve?

2. Actions How did you feel after serving the ball?

3. Events What are the tournaments that comprise the grand slam in tennis?

4. States If you won the grand slam in tennis, how would you feel?

Activity With a partner, write 2 questions about one of the below topics that could be used to help students make inferences about the topic (can probe about things & people, actions, events, or state of being). Design a gameFlexibility HypoglycemiaTarget Heart Rate

Two Categories of Questions Inferential Help students fill in gaps from a lesson, activity, reading Analytic Often require students to use prior knowledge in addition to new knowledge to analyze, critique information

Analytic Questions Require students to analyze and critique the information Require them to use prior knowledge Require them to use new knowledge Designed around highly analytic thinking and reasoning skills Have more than one answer

Analytic Questions Three Skills: 1. Analyzing Errors 2. Constructing Support 3. Analyzing Perspectives

1. Analyzing Errors If you assume “no pain no gain” is a sound training philosophy, how might this reasoning be misleading? Use your knowledge to guide your thinking.

2. Constructing Support You are sport professional. What is your argument that the “no pain no gain” philosophy is a sound training method?

3. Analyzing Perspectives Why would someone consider the “no pain no gain” philosophy to be good? What is your reasoning to support your answer?

Check Your Understanding Create a Venn diagram with your table partners that shows similarities and differences between inferential and analytic questions.

Advance Organizers An Advance Organizer is an organizational framework teachers present to students prior to teaching new content to prepare them for what they are about to learn. Discussion question: When have you used advance organizers in your classroom?

When to use Advance Organizers Group projects Interactive lessons Lectures Homework assignments Class work assignments Other content area instructional activities Almost every activity in the general education and special education classroom

Generalizations based on research: 1. Should focus on what is important not unusual. 2. Higher level advance organizers produce deeper learning. 3. Most useful with information that is not well organized. 4. Different types produce different results. Research and Theory about Advance Organizers

Generalization #1: Should focus on what is important not unusual. Unusual may be interesting but can distract from what is important Generalization #2: Higher level advance organizers produce deeper learning. Causes students to restructure info

Research and Theory about Advance Organizers Generalization #3: Most useful with information that is not well organized. Organizes information within a learning structure Generalization #4: Different types produce different results. 4 Types

Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Advance Organizers Use all 4 types of advance organizers 1. Expository 2. Narrative 3. Skimming 4. Graphic Not the only types Advance organizers come in many formats

Expository Describes content Written or oral Can include text and/or pictures Helps see patterns Example: Neurons are nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain at up to 200 mph. The neuron consists of a cell body (or soma) with branching dendrites (signal receivers) and a projection called an axon, which conduct the nerve signal. The axon, a long extension of a nerve cell, and take information away from the cell body. Myelin coats and insulates the axon increasing transmission speed along the axon. The cell body (soma) contains the neuron's nucleus (with DNA and typical nuclear organelles). Dendrites branch from the cell body and receive messages.

Narrative Story format Makes personal connections Makes seem familiar Example: “Brian’s Song”

Skimming Preview important information quickly by noting what stands out in headings and highlighted information Pre-reading questions or SQ3R (survey, question, read, recite, review) can be helpful before skimming Example: If you recall, we had you preview these packets before we began. This was an example of skimming that you can use in your class.

Graphic Organizers Type of nonlinguistic representation which visually represents what the students will learn Examples:

Graphic Organizers-More Examples Find words that rhyme: Inverted Triangle (going from general to specific):

Graphic Organizer Activity As a group complete a web for the fitness component, flexibility. Flexibility

 Count off by 3’s  In your group discuss:  Teachers say they don’t have time to develop cues, questions, and advance organizers. What would you say to them?  Person #3 rotate to a new group and summarize your group’s discussion. Then discuss:.  How could you model the use of these 3 strategies?  Person #2 rotate and summarize. Discuss question:  What are “look fors” in the classroom for effective use of these strategies? Partner Activity