Environmental Science Essential Standard 5.00: Understand the environmental science industry (water, soils, wildlife and forestry).

Objective 5.01 Remember careers in the environmental science industry.

Major career areas of Environmental Science Water resources an essential nutrient for all plant and animal life Soil resources the top layer of the Earth’s surface, which is suitable for the growth of plant life

Examples of careers in Environmental Science Soil conservationist – assists landowners in implementing best land use practices Soil scientist– classify soil according to the most appropriate use. Requires bachelor’s degree (4 yr) Soil technician – uses soil auger/soil tube to take soil samples and do technical field work

Objective 5.03 Understand basic environmental science principles and practices.

Water Resources Potable Water Universal solvent Drinkable-free from harmful chemicals and organisms Most of the Earth’s water is not fresh water Universal solvent it dissolves or otherwise changes most other materials

Water Resources Water Cycle Watershed Water Table cycling of water between water sources, atmosphere, and surface areas Precipitation – moisture from rain or snow Evaporation – changing from a liquid to a gas Watershed large area in which water is absorbed from rain or melting snow and from which water drains acts as a storage system absorbs excess water and releasing it slowly throughout the year Water Table level below which soil is saturated with water

Distribution of the World’s Water

Water Resources Types of Groundwater Capillary Free (gravitational) water that plant roots can absorb Free (gravitational) water that drains out of a soil after it has been wetted Hygroscopic water that is held too tightly for plant roots to absorb

Water Resources Conserving Water and Improving Water Quality Ask the right questions How can we reduce water pollution? How can soil erosion be reduced?

Water Resources What is the most productive use of water and soil without polluting or losing these essential resources? Good practices: Save clean water turn off water faucet while brushing teeth Dispose of household products carefully and appropriately. never pour paint down the drain as it will eventually enter the water supply Care for lawns, gardens and farmland carefully only till soil that will not erode excessively and don’t over fertilize

Soil Soil Profile A Horizon- topsoil B Horizon – subsoil Surface layer of soil approximately 6” deep. Organic matter typically darker color Greatest influence on crops B Horizon – subsoil Subsurface layer Increase in clay content Greatest influence on urban uses (building sites, septic systems, etc.) C Horizon – parent material (bedrock) Releases water to the upper soil layers Contains larger soil particles

Soil Texture Refers to the size of soil particles Sand Silt Clay Largest soil particle Problems holding enough water for good plant growth Individual particles can be seen with the naked eye Drain well Silt Intermediate size soil particle Can’t be seen with naked eye Clay smallest soil particle holds lots of water may be airtight, infertile for root growth, and associated with wet soils

Soil Structure Refers to the tendency of soil particles to cluster together Single grain sandy soils Granular particles cling together to form rounded aggregates very desirable for all soil uses Blocky particles cling together in angular aggregates typical of soils with high clay content

Soil Structure

Soil Classification Land capability maps are based on the physical, chemical, and topographical aspects of the land Land Capability classes are designated by Roman Numerals I – VIII. Class I and II land best land for the most intensive cultivation of field crops fewest limitations and can be planted year after year Class VII very steeply sloping best used for planting trees Class VIII land is best suited for wildlife and recreation

Soil Conservation Two types of erosion “No till” Conventional Tillage Sheet – removal of layers of soil from the land. Gully – removal of soil that leaves trenches. “No till” Crops are planted directly into the residue of a previous crop An effective means of erosion control Conventional Tillage disturbs the soil surface by plowing Conservation Tillage intermediate tillage system conventional and no-till 

Objective 5.04 Remember tools and their safety practices related to the environmental science industry.

Examples of tools used in Environmental Science Soil auger Boring into soil to get samples Secchi disc measures turbidity of water