(CRTI Project: 07-0179RD) Explosive Vapors Standoff Detector – Multi-Option Differential Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer (MoDDIFS) J.-M. Thériault, E. Puckrin, H. Lavoie, F. Bouffard and S. Désilets DRDC Valcartier Pierre Caron, PM - Public Safety Canada Public Security S&T Summer Symposium 2009 Ottawa, June 16-18, 2009

CRTI Project: 07-0179RD Explosive Vapors Stand-off Detector MoDDIFS CRTI Project: 07-0179RD Explosive Vapors Stand-off Detector MoDDIFS* Project Needs: Crime Prevention associated with Illicit Products Fabrication by Clandestine Laboratory Project Objectives: To develop leading edge Infrared (IR) hyperspectral methods and sensing technology and optimize it for the standoff detection of explosive vapors and precursors. * MoDDIFS: Multi-options Differential Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer

Outline of Presentation Introduction: Passive Standoff Detection of CWA Vapours: Differential detection approach CATSI* and CATSI EDM Passive Standoff Detection of Explosives and Precursors: Differential and imaging approach MoDDIFS sensor project Spectral signatures of explosives and precursors Option-1 for vapours Option-2 for liquids and solids *CATSI – Compact Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer

Direct vs Differential Detection IR Spectroscopy Direct Approach IR Differential Approach Difficult Problem ? Atmosphere Emission Background emission Implies large clutter/signal ratio IR Hyperspectral Sensing LWIR (7-13 mm)

Differential FTIR Spectroscopy with CATSI* Novel Sensing Approach Double-beam FTIR Spectroscopy Optimized for real-time background suppression Milestones Develop CATSI instrument (1996-2000) Detection algorithm (1998-2007) Int`l Trials: Short (0.1 km), mid (1.5 km) and long (5.7 km) ranges (1998-2004) * CATSI - Compact ATmospheric Sounding Interferometer Ref FOV Target FOV Cloud IR Hyperspectral Sensing LWIR (7-13 mm)

IR Signatures of CWAs: Example of CWAs IR spectral signatures

Autonomous detection of CWA simulants at 3 and 5 Km ranges Differential Detection Sensor Development: CATSI Engineering Development Model CATSI EDM Development: 2005-2009 Militarized for CF Milestone (Sep 2008): Autonomous detection of CWA simulants at 3 and 5 Km ranges The approach used by our group at DRDC Valcartier in the last decade is known as CATSI, for compact atmospheric sounding interferometer. It’s not that big, would you say, until you have to move that massive tripod or the computing and power racks. The unique feature of this sensor is that it has two inputs. You point one towards a possible target and the other towards a reference point having a similar background, and the instrument measures the differences between the two. It’s not a computed difference; it’s a real-time optical interferometric effect that simply causes the sensor to record the difference between the two fields of view.

CRTI Project: 07-0179RD CATSI Imager: MoDDIFS* (New Generation) Program: CBRNE Research and Technology Initiative (CRTI) MoDDIFS (CATSI Imager) Project Objectives: Standoff detection and identification of illicit products fabrication Primary: Explosives and Precursors Parallel: CWAs, Drugs, IEDs Partners/End Users : - Defense R&D Canada - Public Safety Canada - Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) - HAZMAT Division - Montreal - Montreal Port Authority - Port of Montreal - Montreal Advisory Committee on Antiterrorism - Industries: Telops, AEREX ? Gas Detection Start-End: 07/08 to 2011 * MoDDIFS: Multi-Options Differential Detection and Imaging Fourier Spectrometer

High Spatial Resolution Recording: Strategy MODDIFS CATSI Adet=1mm Adet= 0.03 mm DTel= 12 in. A) Aplume=10 cm B) CATSI 10 cm ACETONE

Explosives and their Precursors Compounds Material Class Detectable Phase Potential Detection Scenarios Spectral Signature TATP Explosive Vapor/Solid YES* Leak/Spill YES HMTD MAYBE # To be determined NG Vapor/Liquid EGDN TNT Solid Spill RDX PETN AN-FO ? NO Chlorates** MAYBE* Nitric acid Precursor Hydrogen peroxide Acetone Vapor Hexamine Powder LIKELY* Glycerine Liquid LIKELY Ethylene glycol Liquid/Vapor Ethylene oxide Diesel fuel No in LWIR Leak Maybe In 3-5 micron band MEKP

Gas Signatures Detection Scenarios: leaking windows leaking doors chimneys, vents

500 mL acetone in fumehood

Acetone - 22 Aug 2007 500 mL acetone in glass container in fume hood Detection @ 100 m with vent on low Acetone

Garden shed venting acetone & HNO3 Experiment-1 Garden shed venting acetone & HNO3

MoDDIFS Option-1: Long Range for Vapours Main optical specifications: Telops (main Contractor) FOV 1 FOV 2 2.8 x FOV width

Solid Signatures

MoDDIFS Option-2: Polarization for Liquids and solids Main optical specifications: Telops (main Contractor) FOV

CRTI Project: 07-0179RD Project Summary / Phases PHASE I – Spectral Signatures : Identification of the IR spectral signatures of explosive and their precursors. (completed June 09) PHASE II – System Specifications and Prototype Construction: Development of system specifications, detection algorithm and construction of the MoDDIFS prototype. (completed Aug 2010) PHASE III – System Validation and Testing: Verify, validate, optimize the MoDDIFS prototype through laboratory experimentations open air trials under realistic scenarios recommended by end users. (completed - July 2011)

? Potential Applications for Detection & Identification MoDDIFS Vapours (2nd generation)TICs Liquid contaminants & spills Surfaces Suicide bomber Vapours (2nd generation)CWA Explosives IEDs Explosives Powders Liquid aerosols contaminants Illicit explosive and drug fabrication

Questions ?

Differential Spectroscopic Techniques Existing and Potential Standoff Explosives Detection Techniques Committee on the Review of Existing and Potential Standoff Explosives Detection Techniques, National Research Council, The National Academies Press, 148 pp., Washington, D.C., 2004 Download free sample PDF : http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10998.html Important recommendation stated: “Research in the IR spectral range is needed to study the spectroscopic properties (e.g., thermal emissivity versus wavelength) of human skin, clothing, and other relevant materials. This information might lead to differential spectroscopic techniques that could improve IR imaging for explosive detection”.

DRDC Valcartier Approach: Dual Beam FTIR - CATSI Input 1 Out of phase (180o) Input 2 reference target 4/32