Quality of life in relation to costs

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Presentation transcript:

Quality of life in relation to costs Prof. Dr. Jan van Busschbach Medische Psychologie en Psychotherapie

Budget 2012 government NL Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport 75 29% Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid 70 27% Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap 31 12% Gemeente- en provinciefonds 21 8% Buitenlandse Zaken 12 5% Infrastructuur en Milieu 11 4% Rentelasten 10 Defensie 7 3% Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties 4 2% Veiligheid & Justitie Economische zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie 5 Financiën 2 1% Overig 0% 257 100%

Raising costs in NL: 87 billion

More than growth national income

Het is maar de vraag of je het budget van de gezondheidszorg steeds maar kan verhogen. Dat kan natuurlijk niet, en daarom budgetteren we de zorg: niet alles wat kan wordt daarom gedaan. Dat betekent dat er al ergens keuzes voor ons gemaakt worden. Net als de moeder van Achillis (Thetis) willen we het liever niet weten, maar ondertussen worden de keuzes voor ons gemaakt. De vraag wordt dan, hoe houden we de regie wanneer op zo’n kruispunt staan van emotie en wetenschap.

How much money is it worth? Willingness to pay Non familiarity with payment in health care Starting point error Strong relation with income Does not do the job

Framing the question helps… Remove large scar Involve painful operation Cost € 500,- Remove large scar Involve painless operation Cost € 1000,- OR Pair comparisons DCE, conjoint analysis Comparisons between health care interventions remain difficult

Health Economics Comparing different allocations Should we spent our money on Wheel chairs Screening for cancer Comparing costs Comparing outcome Outcomes must be comparable Make a generic outcome measure 8 8

Outcomes in health economics Specific outcome are incompatible Allow only for comparisons within the specific field Clinical successes: successful operation, total cure Clinical failures: “events” “Hart failure” versus “second psychosis” Generic outcome are compatible Allow for comparisons between fields Life years Quality of life Most generic outcome Quality adjusted life year (QALY) 9 9

Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) Example Blindness Time trade-off value is 0.5 Life span = 80 years 0.5 x 80 = 40 QALYs 0.00 1.00 X 0.5 x 80 = 40 QALYs Life years 40 80 10 10

Area under the curve 11

Which health care program is the most cost-effective? A new wheelchair for elderly (iBOT) Special post natal care 12 12

www.ibotnow.com Dean Kamen Segway 13

Which health care program is the most cost-effective? A new wheelchair for elderly (iBOT) Increases quality of life = 0.1 10 years benefit Extra costs: $ 3,000 per life year QALY = Y x V(Q) = 10 x 0.1 = 1 QALY Costs are 10 x $ 3,000 = $ 30,000 Cost/QALY = 30,000/QALY Special post natal care Quality of life = 0.8 35 year Costs are $ 250,000 QALY = 35 x 0.8 = 28 QALY Cost/QALY = 8,929/QALY 14 14

QALY league table 15 15

7000 Citations in PubMed

Direct valuation

Time Trade-Off Rolstoel Hoeveel jaar zou je maximaal willen inleveren? 50 jaar levensverwachting Hoeveel jaar zou je maximaal willen inleveren? Max. trade-off: 10 jaar QALY(wiel) = QALY(voet) Y * V(wiel) = Y * V(voet) 50 V(wiel) = 40 * 1.00 V(wiel) = 0.80 De gezondheidseconomen en epidemiologen uit de jaren zeventig stelde voor om een directe weging te maken tussen overleving en kwaliteit van leven (KLIK). Bijvoorbeeld: iemand heeft een levensverwachting van 50 jaar zit in een rolstoel. (KLIK) We vragen vervolgens hoeveel jaar van die levensverwachting de patiënt zou willen inleveren om uit die rolstoel te komen. Stel nu dat de patiënt zegt dat het hem maximaal 10 jaar waard is, dan kunnen we vervolgens uitrekenen wat de waarde is van ‘in een rolstoel zitten’. (KLIK) Omdat 50 jaar in een rolstoel zitten gelijk moet zijn aan 40 jaar gewoon rondlopen op je voeten, en dat laatste per definitie een waarde van 1 heeft, houden we een vergelijking over met maar één onbekende. In dit voorbeeld is deze onbekende, ofwel waarde van ‘in een rolstoel zitten’ onvermijdelijk is 0,8. In tegenstelling tot de visual analogue scale die ik u net liet zien, weten we nu met veel meer zekerheid dat 2 x een dag met een kwaliteit van leven waarden van een 0,5 ook het zelfde moet zijn als 1 dag met een kwaliteit van leven van 1,0: We hebben namelijk net een dergelijke vraag aan de patiënt gesteld. Je kan dan ook zeggen dat we hier de waarde van kwaliteit van leven bepalen binnen het Q-TWiST of QALY-model zelf. Daardoor hebben we als het ware een natuurlijke verbinding tussen het QALY concept en de kwaliteit van leven meeting: psychologen hebben het dan over een hoge inhoudsvaliditeit, ofwel een hoge ‘content validity’.

…or use validated questionnaires MOBILITY I have no problems in walking about I have some problems in walking about I am confined to bed SELF-CARE I have no problems with self-care I have some problems washing or dressing myself I am unable to wash or dress myself USUAL ACTIVITIES (e.g. work, study, housework family or leisure activities) I have no problems with performing my usual activities I have some problems with performing my usual activities I am unable to perform my usual activities PAIN/DISCOMFORT I have no pain or discomfort I have moderate pain or discomfort I have extreme pain or discomfort ANXIETY/DEPRESSION I am not anxious or depressed I am moderately anxious or depressed I am extremely anxious or depressed

A problem in the patient perspective…. Stensman Scan J Rehab Med 1985;17:87-99. Scores on a visual analogue scale 36 subjects in a wheelchair 36 normal matched controls Mean score Wheelchair: 8.0 Health controls: 8.3 Healthy Death

Validated questionnaires

EQ-5D-3L versus EQ-5D-5l

Validating disease specific questionnaires International Symptom Prostate Score (IPSS) BPH Enlargement of the prostate Causes voiding problems in elderly men Difficulties to pee 7 questions: How often have you had to push or strain to begin urination? had a sensation of not emptying your bladder completely? had to urinate again less than two hours after you finished urinating? found you stopped and started again several times when you urinated? you find it difficult to postpone urination? had a weak urinary stream? How many times did you most typically get up to urinate from the time you went to bed at night until the time you got up in the morning?

Can we convert the IPSS outcomes into utilities? Attribute TTO values to the IPSS health states Problem: IPSS has 279.936 health states 7 items, 6 answer levels = 6x6x6x6x6x6x6 = 279.936 health states Too many to value with TTO Reduce number of health states Reduce items Factor analysis Reduce answer levels Combine answer levels

Reduce number of health states Factor analysis on patients IPSS responses N = 1414 Two main factors Obstructive (alpha= 0.8018) Irritative (alpha= 0.7165) Confirmed in literature Factors divided in 3 levels Number of health states reduced to 33 = 9 Can be valued directly TTO General public, representative for gender/age (N=170)

QALY weights for BPH

Conclusions QALY can help to related quality of life to cost QALYs are the most accepted for of cost effectiveness analysis At least in the Netherlands Might not be true in the US and Germany QALY often need new validation of disease specific questionnaires.