Biological Based Networks

Why? Modeling of brain function Model of very distributed parallel systems Existence proof for AI

Human Brain Neuron Speed - 10-3 seconds per operation Brain weights about 3 pounds and at rest consumes 20% of the bodies oxygen. Estimates place neuron count at 1012 to 1014 Connectivity can be 10,000

What is the capacity of the brain? Estimate the MIPS of a brain Estimate the MIPS needed by a computer to simulate the brain

Structure The cortex is estimated to be 6 layers The brain does recognition type computations is 100-200 milliseconds The brain clearly uses some specialized structures.

Alan Turing’s Idea X1 X2 1

Turing (Cont) B type link

B type link

Biowall

Structure Cortex is 6 layers A mosaic of hexagons Top three are internal Middle in input Bottom two area output A mosaic of hexagons Lots of feedback Can excite surrounding hexs

Language Language develops from a proto language Full language is structured into clauses and phrases Brains don’t do syntax! Parsing is by thematic roles 7 plus or minus 2

Igor Aleksander “Impossible Minds, My neurons, My consciousness” “Seeing is believing: Depictive Neuromodeling of Visual Awareness”

Igor Aleksander WISARD and MAGNUS Visual input by arrays of sensors Neural systems viewed as having a state transition form Iconic States Iconic states is the brain state upon perceiving an object

Input Z drives learning Atrophies in time

Build a simple creature

Magnus

Vision Mechanisms Superior Colliculus – eye movement has direct input from the retina Vision path goes to V1, V2, V3 Extrastriate Cortex is selected areas of Cortex Pathway X is a hypothesis for this work

Neuro-Physical Model Extrastriate Areas Movable retinal projection Superior Colliculus Main Visual Pathway Movement Primary Areas (V1, V2, …) Extrastriate Areas Auditory Triggers Gaze Locking j Pathway X Non-ocular Motor Activity

Hypothesis Feedback loop in the preceding slide is a state machine with learning memory Recall of detail and shape is related to gaze locking signals

Experimental System 24 neural areas 30,000 neurons

Experimental System

Consciousness What is it? Descartes theater of them mind An answer to the wrong question?

Randall Beer “Intelligence as Adaptive Behavior” A simple creature:

Leg Controller P = pacemaker LC – command (shared)

Pacemaker coupling

Studies Produced the same gaits as real insects Speed control by LC also produced realistic gaits Lesion studies show survivability

M Arbib A two level methodology Neurons at the bottom layer Schema – Functional Entities Example Frogs: Snap a small creatures Run from larger ones Behaviors found to happen in different areas

Naïve Schema Eye Small Obj Large Obj + + Jump Snap Movement

Lesioning Studies Eye All Obj Large Obj + + - Jump Snap Movement

William H. Calvin University of Washington in Seattle ‘The Cerebral Code” “Lingua Ex Machina”

Brain Operation as Darwinian Requires a complex pattern Pattern must be copied Variant patterns by chance Pattern and variant compete Competition based on multi faceted environment Most successful patterns survive

Jeff Hawkens “On Intelligence”

Criterion Inclusion of time in the brain Feedback Physical Architecture must be part of the theory

Mountcastle Proposal The algorithm of the cortex is independent of an particular sense or function The brain uses the same mechanism for all!

State Machines The brain used state machine to sequence patterns of firing Short term memory Visual systems

Summary The brain is the prototype for intelligence Brain structure and brain function are being studied Can a symbol system compete with the brain? How does symbolic behavior arise from the neural level of the brain?