Engaging the Private Sector in Addressing Climate Change - why, how, what…. Consultation Washington, April 2008

- 2 - Agenda Transformation towards climate sensitive / climate resilient economies Private Sector Financing Examples: Using Concessional Finance to engage the Private Sector in the Climate Change Agenda Conclusion

- 3 - Transformation… Transformation is the wide scale uptake of a – different - technology, process, or way of doing business in a country / sector / sub- sector

- 4 - Source: McKinsey Global Institute (2008) Transformational potential….

comes at different cost… High impact high cost: coal retrofit… Source: McKinsey Global Institute (2007)

- 6 - So – why is this not happening? Market Barriers Financial – additional cost or risk not – or only slowly - rewarded by markets (limitations of carbon finance); economies of scale need time; little venture capital Behavioral (priorities, habits) Regulatory (emission standards, energy subsidies, IPRs for new technology) Perceptional (of high risk with new technologies, new providers, new processes..) Technological (new technologies not yet available, slow to transfer)

- 7 - Should at least energy efficiency investments not happen everywhere? Expansion Know how to do Confidence in returns $$$$ Cost Savings (EE) Not done before Uncertainty about actual savings (even after audit) Technology Business disruption.. …not sexy Companies have a choice when investing…..

- 8 - Mountain of Death High costs of first commercial projects before economies of scale Role for Concessional Funds Proof of conceptFirst commercial projectsEconomies of Scale Valley of Death No uptake by private sector Technology Transfer: Should be everywhere? Cost

- 9 - Government programs Regulation - selective subsidies– public enterprise Public private partnerships/infrastructure Fund(s) Private Sector projects – with concessional finance Demonstration projects Risk mitigation (technological, financial, regulatory…) Innovative financing schemes Cost alleviation for first movers Engaging the private sector: Different roles at different stages

Engaging the Private Sector in Financing Climate Sensitive Investments Focus on leverage points Identification of Market Barriers Interventions designed to (only) address barriers (risk, knowledge gaps, capacity gaps ) Smart phasing of interventions to fit with work that addresses regulatory barriers

Agenda Transformation towards climate sensitive / climate resilient economies Private Sector Financing Examples: Using Concessional Finance to engage the Private Sector in the Climate Change Agenda Conclusion

Outline program objectives & parameters (internal) 2.Identify strategically relevant companies – existing & new clients 3.Present project concept to clients to elicit interest: – Outline the benefits for the client – Describe what support the MDB can offer (financing, TA, linkages, concessional funds) – Set expectations: role of each party, timing, risks (within the project & for approval) 4.Due diligence, structuring, negotiation, legal documentation 5.Project implementation & disbursement of funds 6.Project supervision, monitoring & evaluation Private Sector Investments: A typical project cycle for an MDB…

Financial Institutions (consultation in February) : Cover risks market is not willing to bear (guarantees & other risk mitigants) Regulations, legal & contractual laws essential Aggregation of smaller projects – need to develop scale Do not exclude energy efficiency – its not happening despite cost benefits Use project finance tools to avoid market distortions – no end user subsidies; do not bail-out bad technologies Power Sector Companies (consultation in March) : Replication of smaller projects Leverage private investment Focus on parts of large projects Focus on the power sector value chain Technology neutrality Leave scope for identifying leap-frog / revolutionary technologies Consultation with the Private Sector: Where would concessional finance be useful?

Concessional Finance Instruments: A tool to carefully allocate the subsidy element? Concessional Finance as Risk Sharing/First Loss Used to support FIs entering a new & untested market Examples of good experience around the world (Eastern Europe, Asia) Important to mitigate risk for in-country Banks / Financial Institutions (FI) and establish a track record for the underlying portfolio projects Donors & Bank MDB 50% In- country Bank 50% Portfolio 95% 5% Concessional finance used to pilot energy efficiency risk-sharing tools:

Credit enhancement can support clean energy investments Credit Enhancement Facility for a Wind Power Plant (or other RE facility) Used to guarantee the cash flows from a distribution company to a wind plant (or other RE producer) Important to give comfort to RE sponsors that future revenues will be secure (without this security, RE sponsors may hesitate to invest) SPV DistCo Electricity Funds ($) Donor Off-takers Credit Enhancement LTPPA Wind Plant

Special financial structures can fill the equity gap for certain investment types Equity $2 million Subordinate Debt $1 million First Loss Debt $7 million MDBs Other private sector lenders Sponsor Donor Concessional Finance as subordinated debt for a $10 million RE project Used to encourage the development of small scale renewable energy projects Important to fill the equity gap for small scale RE projects Financial structure relevant for individual projects and joint MDB / FI financing facilities

This is how it may work… Financing Private Sector Projects through MDBs Within the CTFs overall context of eligibility & strategy: MDBs propose (programs/projects) : strategy, approach, expected impact etc. – explain pipeline of likely large-scale projects and envelope for small projects Proposal approvals: based on fit of strategy and on series of investment criteria set out initially (e.g. transformational impact, development impact, financial leverage, additionality, financial sustainability). Project approvals: Using MDBs existing processes –all /most projects would involve MDBs own resources. MDB Board approvals for larger projects, possibly approval of envelopes for aggregating smaller projects. Eligibility – instead of conditionality: e.g. countries – but not making allocations dependent on progress made by countries in regulatory framework

Agenda Transformation towards climate sensitive / climate resilient economies Private Sector Financing Examples: Using Concessional Finance to engage the Private Sector in the Climate Change Agenda Conclusion

What do private sector projects look like? The following examples describe projects that: 1. Test new technologies 2. Apply existing technologies in new countries 3. Use financial institutions to achieve impact 4. Address efficiency in the power sector 5. Address efficiency in manufacturing sectors

Agenda Transformation towards climate sensitive / climate resilient economies Private Sector Financing Examples: Using Concessional Finance to engage the Private Sector in the Climate Change Agenda Conclusion

How to get it right…. Little margin for error – the first demonstration project must succeed for uptake - profitability critical (pick the winners) Large vs. small projects Portfolio approach to address uncertainty Clear limitations for concessional finance Decision making fast, flexible, opportunistic, criteria driven Investment principles key: profitability, financial sustainability, development impact (transformative, additional, leveraging, GHG impact, poverty alleviating) Leverage existing agencies, processes, policies Learning!