Missense Mutations in the N-Terminal Domain of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Interfere with Binding of Regulatory Phenylalanine Torben Gjetting, Marie.

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Missense Mutations in the N-Terminal Domain of Human Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Interfere with Binding of Regulatory Phenylalanine Torben Gjetting, Marie Petersen, Per Guldberg, Flemming Güttler The American Journal of Human Genetics Volume 68, Issue 6, Pages 1353-1360 (June 2001) DOI: 10.1086/320604 Copyright © 2001 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Amino acid–sequence alignment of the N-terminal region of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases and the C-terminal region of bacterial prephenate dehydratases, using the program PILEUP (Genetics Computer Group). Labeled with their accession names in the SWISS-PROT database are phenylalanine hydroxylase of Homo sapiens (underlined, PH4H_HUMAN), Mus musculus (PH4H_MOUSE), Rattus norvegicus (PH4H_RAT), Caenorhabditis elegans (PH4H_CAEEL), and Drosophila melanogaster (PH4H_DROME); prephenate dehydratase of Corynebacterium glutamicum (PHEA_CORGL), Amycolatopsis methanolica (PHEA_AMYME), Escherichia coli (PHEA_ECOLI), Erwinia herbicola (PHEA_ERWHE), Haemophilus influenzae (PHEA_HAEIN), Lactococcus lactis (PHEA_LACLA), Bacillus subtilis (PHEA_BACSU), Pseudomonas stutzeri (PHEA_PSEST), and Methanococcus jannasch (PHEA_METJA); tyrosine hydroxylase of Homo sapiens (TY3H_HUMAN) and tryptophan hydroxylase of Homo sapiens (TR5H_HUMAN). Naturally occurring PAH missense mutations recorded in PAHdb are indicated by circles (open, one known mutation; partially filled, two known mutations; filled, three known mutations). Mutations analyzed in the present study (G46S, A47V, T63P/H64N, I65T, and R68S) are indicated by the substituting amino acid. Residues conserved in 100%, 70%–99%, or 40%–69% of the aligned PAH and PDH sequences are shaded red, yellow, or grey, respectively. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2001 68, 1353-1360DOI: (10.1086/320604) Copyright © 2001 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Crystal structure modelling of dimeric rat PAH (PDB file: Kobe et al. 1999). The conserved motifs, GAL (residues 46–48) and IESRP (residues 65–69) are located in close proximity to each other in the regulatory domain near the dimerization interface. The figure was generated with the SWISS-MODEL and the SWISS-PdbViewer (Guex and Peitsch 1997). The American Journal of Human Genetics 2001 68, 1353-1360DOI: (10.1086/320604) Copyright © 2001 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Analysis of purified MBP-PAHRD fusion proteins (wild-type and mutant forms) by SDS-PAGE (A) and nondenaturing PAGE (B). The positions of molecular-weight markers are indicated (in kDa). Under denaturing conditions, all proteins migrate predominantly as a 56-kDa band. Under nondenaturing conditions, the wild-type protein migrates almost entirely as a dimer, whereas some of the mutant proteins represent several molecular forms. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2001 68, 1353-1360DOI: (10.1086/320604) Copyright © 2001 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Phenylalanine binding to wild-type MBP-PAHRD fusion protein given in percent of saturation (mean of triplicates ± standard deviation). The binding was calculated under the assumption of one phenylalanine-binding site per protein monomer. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2001 68, 1353-1360DOI: (10.1086/320604) Copyright © 2001 The American Society of Human Genetics Terms and Conditions