Unraveling the racial disparities associated with kidney disease1

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Unraveling the racial disparities associated with kidney disease1 Keith C. Norris, MD, Lawrence Y. Agodoa Kidney International Volume 68, Issue 3, Pages 914-924 (September 2005) DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The incidence of reported end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States in 2001, by race and ethnicity adjusted for age and gender4. Data from the United States Renal Data System 2003. Kidney International 2005 68, 914-924DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 The incidence of reported type 2 diabetes-related end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States by race; combined data for 1998-20014. Rates adjusted for gender. Data from the United States Renal Data System 2003. Kidney International 2005 68, 914-924DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Sociocultural influences on racial/ethnic minority health with implications for chronic kidney disease (CKD)49. Modified from Cunningham (BMJ 2003). Kidney International 2005 68, 914-924DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Probability of death by race and gender for urea reduction ratio in the United States87. Reprinted with permission from the American Medical Association (JAMA 280:1764-1768, 1998). Copyright (©) 1998, American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Kidney International 2005 68, 914-924DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 The proportion of successful African American and white American cadaveric transplant patients by stage in the United States61. Definitions of steps in the transplant process: Step A, medically suitable and possibly interested; Step B, definitely interested; Step C, pretransplant workup complete and on waiting list; and Step D, moved up waiting list and received transplant. Data from Alexander and Sehgal (JAMA 1998). Kidney International 2005 68, 914-924DOI: (10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00485.x) Copyright © 2005 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions