Engineering Mechanics: Statics Chapter 7: Internal Forces Engineering Mechanics: Statics Mohammad Shahril bin Salim 2012/2013

Chapter Objectives Method of sections for determining the internal loadings in a member Develop procedure by formulating equations that describe the internal shear and moment throughout a member Analyze the forces and study the geometry of cables supporting a load

Chapter Outline Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment Cables

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members The design of any structural or mechanical member requires the material to be used to be able to resist the loading acting on the member These internal loadings can be determined by the method of sections

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members Force component N, acting normal to the beam at the cut session V, acting tangent to the session are the shear force Couple moment M is referred as the bending moment

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members For 3D, a general internal force and couple moment resultant will act at the section Ny is the normal force, and Vx and Vz are the shear components My is the torisonal or twisting moment, and Mx and Mz are the bending moment components

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members Procedure for Analysis Support Reactions Before cut, determine the member’s support reactions Equilibrium equations used to solve internal loadings during sectioning Free-Body Diagrams Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments and forces acting on the member in their exact locations After session draw FBD of the segment having the least loads

7.1 Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members Procedure for Analysis Free-Body Diagrams (Continue) Indicate the z, y, z components of the force, couple moments and resultant couple moments on FBD Only N, V and M act at the section Determine the sense by inspection Equations of Equilibrium Moments should be summed at the section If negative result, the sense is opposite

Example 7.3 Determine the internal force, shear force and the bending moment acting at point B of the two-member frame.

Solution Support Reactions FBD of each member Member AC ∑ MA = 0; -400kN(4m) + (3/5)FDC(8m)= 0 FDC = 333.3kN +→∑ Fx = 0; -Ax + (4/5)(333.3kN) = 0 Ax = 266.7kN +↑∑ Fy = 0; Ay – 400kN + 3/5(333.3kN) = 0 Ay = 200kN

Solution Support Reactions Member AB +→∑ Fx = 0; NB – 266.7kN = 0 +↑∑ Fy = 0; 200kN – 200kN - VB = 0 VB = 0 ∑ MB = 0; MB – 200kN(4m) + 200kN(2m) 0 MB = 400kN.m

Problem 1: Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and moment at point C.

Solution:

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Beams – structural members designed to support loadings perpendicular to their axes A simply supported beam is pinned at one end and roller supported at the other A cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the other

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Procedure for Analysis Support Reactions Find all reactive forces and couple moments acting on the beam Resolve them into components Shear and Moment Reactions Specify separate coordinates x Section the beam perpendicular to its axis V obtained by summing the forces perpendicular to the beam M obtained by summing moments about the sectioned end

7.2 Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams Procedure for Analysis Shear and Moment Reactions (Continue) Plot (V versus x) and (M versus x) Convenient to plot the shear and the bending moment diagrams below the FBD of the beam

Example 7.7 Draw the shear and bending moments diagrams for the shaft. The support at A is a thrust bearing and the support at C is a journal bearing.

Solution Support Reactions FBD of the shaft

Solution Shear diagram Internal shear force is always positive within the shaft AB. Just to the right of B, the shear force changes sign and remains at constant value for segment BC. Moment diagram Starts at zero, increases linearly to B and therefore decreases to zero.

7.3 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment Consider beam AD subjected to an arbitrary load w = w(x) and a series of concentrated forces and moments Distributed load assumed positive when loading acts downwards

7.3 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment A FBD diagram for a small segment of the beam having a length ∆x is chosen at point x along the beam which is not subjected to a concentrated force or couple moment Any results obtained will not apply at points of concentrated loadings The internal shear force and bending moments assumed positive sense

7.3 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment Distributed loading has been replaced by a resultant force ∆F = w(x) ∆x that acts at a fractional distance k (∆x) from the right end, where 0 < k <1

7.3 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment Slope of the shear diagram Negative of distributed load intensity Slope of shear diagram Shear moment diagram Area under shear diagram Change in shear Area under shear diagram Change in moment

7.3 Relations between Distributed Load, Shear and Moment Force and Couple Moment FBD of a small segment of the beam Change in shear is negative FBD of a small segment of the beam located at the couple moment Change in moment is positive

Example 7.9 Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the overhang beam.

Solution The support reactions are shown. Shear Diagram Shear of –2 kN at end A of the beam is at x = 0. Positive jump of 10 kN at x = 4 m due to the force. Moment Diagram