C H A P T E R 13 A.C. Series Circuits

A.C. Series Circuits C-13 A.C. Through Resistance and Inductance Power Factor Active and Reactive Components of Circuit Current-I Active, Reactive and Apparent Power Q-factor of a Coil Power in an Iron-cored Choking Coil A.C. Through Resistance and Capacitance Dielectric Loss and Power Factor of a Capacitor Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series Resonance in R-L-C Circuits Graphical Representation of Resonance Contd….

A.C. Series Circuits C-13 Resonance Curve Half-power Bandwidth of a Resonant Circuit Bandwidth B at any Off resonance Frequency Determination of Upper and Lower Half-Power Frequencies Values of Edge Frequencies Q-Factor of a Resonant Series Circuit Circuit Current at Frequencies Other than Resonant Frequencies Relation Between Resonant Power P0 and Off-resonant power P

A.C. Through Resistance and Inductance A pure resistance R and a pure inductive coil of inductance L are shown connected in series in Fig. 13.1. Let V = r.m.s. value of the applied voltage, I = r.m.s. value of the resultant current VR = IR − voltage drop across R (in phase with I), VL = I . XL –voltage drop across coil (ahead of I by 90°) These voltage drops are shown in voltage triangle OAB in Fig. 13.2. Vector OA represents ohmic drop VR and AB represents inductive drop VL. The applied voltage V is the vector sum of the two i.e. OB.

Power Factor

Active and Reactive Components of Circuit Current I Active component is that which is in phase with the applied voltage V i.e. I cos φ. It is also known as ‘wattful’ component. Reactive component is that which in quadrature with V i.e. I sin φ. It is also known as ‘wattless’ or ‘idle’ component. It should be noted that the product of volts and amperes in an a.c. circuit gives voltamperes (VA). Out of this, the actual power is VA cos φ = W and reactive power is VA sin φ.

Active, Reactive and Apparent Power Let a series R-L circuit draw a current of I when an alternating voltage of r.m.s. value V is applied to it. Suppose that current lags behind the applied voltage by φ. The three powers drawn by the circuit are as under : Apparent power (S) Active power (P or W) Reactive power (Q)

Q – Factor of a Coil Reciprocal of power factor is called the Q-factor of a coil or its figure of merit. It is also known as quality factor of the coil.

Power in an Iron – Cored Choking Coil Total power, P taken by an iron-cored choking coil is used to supply (i) power loss in ohmic resistance i.e. I2 R. (ii) iron-loss in core, Pi ∴ is known as the effective resistance of the choke. ∴ effective resistance = true resistance = equivalent resistance

A.C. Through Resistance and Capacitance

Dielectric Loss and Power Factor of a Capacitor An ideal capacitor is one in which there are no losses and whose current leads the voltage by 90° as shown in Fig. 13.30 (a). In practice, it is impossible to get such a capacitor although close approximation is achieved by proper design. In every capacitor, there is always some dielectric loss and hence it absorbs some power from the circuit. Due to this loss, the phase angle is somewhat less than 90° [Fig. 13.30 (b)].

Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series The three are shown in Fig. 13.33 (a) joined in series across an a.c. supply of r.m.s. voltage V. In voltage triangle of Fig. 13.33 (b), OA represents VR, AB and AC represent the inductive and capacitive drops respectively. It will be seen that VL and VC are 180° out of phase with each other i.e. they are in direct opposition to each other.

Resonance in R – L – C Circuits We have seen from Art. 13.9 that net reactance in an R-L-C circuit of Fig. 13.40 (a) is Let such a circuit be connected across an a.c. source of constant voltage V but of frequency varying from zero to infinity. There would be a certain frequency of the applied voltage which would make XL equal to XC in magnitude. In that case, X = 0 an Z = R as shown in Fig. 13.40 (c). Under this condition, the circuit is said to be in electrical resonance. As shown in Fig. 13.40 (c), VL = I. XL and VC = I. XC and the two are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase. Hence, they cancel each other out. The two reactances taken together act as a short- circuit since no voltage develops across them. Whole of the applied voltage drops across R so that V = VR. The circuit impedance Z = R. The phasor diagram for series resonance is shown in Fig. 13.40 (d). Contd….

Resonance in R – L – C Circuits Calculation of Resonant Frequency

Graphical Representation of Resonance Suppose an alternating voltage of constant magnitude, but of varying frequency is applied to an R-L-C circuit. The variations of resistance, inductive reactance XL and capacitive reactance XC with frequency. Resistance Inductive Reactance Capacitive Reactance Net Reactance Circuit Impedance Current I0 Power Factor

Resonance Curve The curve, between circuit current and the frequency of the applied voltage, is known as resonance curve. The shapes of such a curve, for different values of R are shown in Fig. 13.46. For smaller values of R, the resonance curve is sharply peaked and such a circuit is said to be sharply resonant or highly selective.

Half – Power Bandwidth of a Resonant – Circuit

Bandwidth B at any Off – Resonance Frequency

Determination of Upper and Lower Half – Power Frequencies

Values of Edge Frequencies

Q – Factor of a Resonant Series Circuit The Q-factor of an R-L-C series circuit can be defined in the following different ways. it is given by the voltage magnification produced in the circuit at resonance. We have seen that at resonance, current has maximum value I0 = V/R. Voltage across either coil or capacitor = I0XL0 or I0XC0 , supply voltage V = I0 R

Circuit Current at Frequencies Other Than Resonant Frequencies