Pietro Terna pietro.terna@unito.it   Department of Economics and Finance “G.Prato” University of Torino - Italy The co-evolution of enterprise systems and employment structures web.econ.unito.it/terna web.econ.unito.it/terna/jes cover June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_______________________________________ jES jES O F _jES→jES O F June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

java Enterprise Simulator From jES … java Enterprise Simulator http://www.flightgear.org/ jVE→jES … to jES Open Foundation to simulate multi-model frameworks of system of units or agents June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_______________________________________ jES basics _jES basics June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

WD side or formalism: What to Do Three formalisms WD side or formalism: What to Do DW side or formalism: which is Doing What WDW formalism: When Doing What WD, DW, WDW June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

recipe = a sequence of steps to be executed to produce a good A dictionary unit = a productive structure; a unit is able to perform one of the steps required to accomplish an order order = the object representing a good to be produced; an order contains technical information (the recipe describing the production steps) recipe = a sequence of steps to be executed to produce a good dictionary June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_______________________________________ A flexible scheme in jES Open Foundation _A flexible scheme June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Units … 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 5 3 DW … on a toroidal space DW: a flexible scheme 1 Each unit is able to do a specific step … 5 (left and right borders and top and bottom ones are close together) 3 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

WD … of a recipe with the recipes of the orders (what to do) expressed as sequences of numbers; orders with recipes are randomly generated with different lengths and structures or “distilled” from a sequence of predetermined events 1 3 2 4 5 3 4 3 5 1 1 … WD: recipes June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

moving around among units DW and WD moving around among units 2 1 3 2 4 1 3 1 1 3 2 4 4 2 1 3 2 4 moving recipes ? 1 1 3 2 4 5 3 lack of visibility Visibility is a metaphorical representation of trustiness and cooperation in a social network; when global visibility increases, we have more “social capital” June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

new units appear randomly or in a planned way (enterprise creation) Visibility increases with the time (initial visibility is randomly chosen) new units appear randomly or in a planned way (enterprise creation) with strategic relationships … … or alone visibility changes visibility and … some units are dropped out June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

The left (blue) bar of each unit reports the number of waiting orders (do be done) The right (red) bar of each unit reports the number of unsent products, due to the fact that a unit able to do the required step does not exist or is not visible … bars The down (grey) bar of each unit reports the number of consecutive clock ticks in which the unit has been idle If > maxInactivity the unit is dropped out and all unsent products are lost If > maxUnsentProducts the unit is dropped out and all unsent and waiting products are lost June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

jES Open Foundation many levels recipe generator or distiller recipe generator or distiller each unit owns a public matrix each unit owns a public matrix many levels recipes recipes recipe generator or distiller The system uses only simple recipes containing computational steps applied to unit matrixes and to general matrixes built in a parametric way by the Observer each unit owns a public matrix jES Open Foundation recipes recipe generator or distiller each unit owns a public matrix recipes June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Memory matrixes data are reported in a text file (unitData/memoryMatrixes.txt) number(from_0_ordered)_rows_cols 0 2 3 1 3 5 2 4 1 3 3 1 memory matrixes Mandatory first line June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Recipes with computations time specification: seconds External format (remember: step, time specification, time): 1 s 1 c 1999 3 0 1 3 2 s 2 3 s 2 1 s 1 c 1998 1 0 5 s 2 1 s 1 c 1998 1 1 6 s 2 1 s 1 c 1998 1 3 7 s 2 step in recipe a step with computation: step 2, requiring 2 seconds, involves computation 1999 with 3 matrixes (those numbered 0, 1, 3 in the previous Figure) time in seconds a step with computation: step 7, requiring 2 seconds, involves computation 1998 with 1 matrix (that numbered 3 in the previous Figure) computational steps 1/2 Intermediate format (remember: each step is repeated for each unit of time): Computational steps June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Computational steps, Java code The Java Swarm code used by the recipes with the example code c 1998 /** computational operations with code -1998 (a code for the checking * phase of the program * * this computational code place a number in position 0,0 of the * unique received matrix and set the status to done */ public void c1998(){ mm0=(MemoryMatrix) pendingComputationalSpecificationSet. getMemoryMatrixAddress(0); layer=pendingComputationalSpecificationSet. getOrderLayer(); mm0.setValue(layer,0,0,1.0); mm0.print(); done=true; } // end c1998 Computational steps, Java code computational steps 2/2 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_______________________________________ preys-predators _ preys-predators June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

predatorsReproducing # Recipes ; grassGeneration 1 c 1201 2 s utility 100 1100 3 # Recipes ; preysEating 1 1001 s c 1202 2 timeStep 23 1299 preysReproducing 4 1206 simple spreadsheets recipes # Recipes ; predatorsEating 1 2001 s c 1202 2 1001 timeStep 23 1299 predatorsReproducing 4 1206 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

# sequence 1 * 50 ; # sequence 1 * 100 23 4 ; simple spreadsheets sequences # sequence 1 * 33 23 4 ; June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

text files unit_#___prod.phase_# 1 1 unit_#___prod.phase_# 1001 1001 1 1 unit_#___prod.phase_# 1001 1001 text files units unit_#___prod.phase_# 2001 2001 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Tutorial, step3b / time 278, look at the complex codetermination of grass, preys and predators preys-predators 1/5 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Tutorial, step3b / time 744, another codetermined configuration preys-predators 2/5 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Tutorial, step3b / time 1056, another codetermined configuration preys-predators 3/5 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Tutorial, step3b / time 1648, another codetermined configuration preys-predators 4/5 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Tutorial, step3b / time 3448, predators disappeared at 2132, now we have a simplified two stage model preys-predators 5/5 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_ workers-skills-firms 1/3 _______________________________________ workers-skills-firms _ workers-skills-firms 1/3 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_ workers-skills-firms 2/3 The environment is a social space with metaphorical distances representing trustiness and cooperation among production units (the social capital). The production is represented by a sequence of orders; each order contains a recipe, i.e. the description of the sequence of activities to be done by several units to complete a specific production. Two units can cooperate in the production process only if they are mutually visible in our social network. Units that do not receive a sufficient quantity of orders, as well as the ones that cannot send the accomplished orders to successive units, disappear. New enterprises continuously arise, in the attempt of filling the holes of our social network. A complex structure emerges from our environment, with a difficult and instable equilibrium whenever the social capital is not sufficient. _ workers-skills-firms 2/3 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

_ workers-skills-firms 3/3 In a parallel way, other layers of the economic structure can evolve, always in an agent base perspective: banking system, employment structures, … In this model the focus is related to employment: when an enterprise produces a good, the sequence of the activities must match the presence of working units with the required skills. In this context a fine grain description of the steps in the recipes is needed. Adequate labor units can be lacking, thus fostering the emergence of competition among production units in the hiring process. Products change over time; as a consequence, productions units and labor skills have to adapt continuously, with co-evolutionary effects. _ workers-skills-firms 3/3 June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Version 0, no links between firms and workers June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Version 1, new workers with skills equal to that of their neighbors June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Version 2, new workers with skills randomly distributed in the stratum space June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Version 3, new workers with skills equal to that of their neighbors, but arising in unequal quantities June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

Version 4, new workers with skills randomly distributed in the stratum space, but arising in unequal quantities June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino

web.econ.unito.it/terna/jes pietro.terna@unito.it  web.econ.unito.it/terna web.econ.unito.it/terna/jes June 5-7, 2005 SwarmFest, ISI Foundation & Department of Economics and Finance, University of Torino