Thank you for visiting Part IV and enjoy this PowerPoint This is Part IV /IV Science Skills Unit PowerPoint. The entire unit including the four part 1500+ slides, unit notes, bundled homework package, PowerPoint review game, videos, rubrics, games, and much more can be found at http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Science_Introduction_Lab_Safety_Metric_Methods.html Thank you for visiting Part IV and enjoy this PowerPoint Ryan Murphy M.Ed
More Units Available at… Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit. Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The Introduction to Science / Metric Unit. Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit, The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology: Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and Human Body System and Health Topics Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Science Skills Unit Part IV
RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal. BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow directions, complete projects as described and answer required questions neatly. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Please use this red line
Please use this red line -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate.
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. Please use this red line -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate.
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent.
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages -Make visuals clear and well drawn.
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages -Make visuals clear and well drawn.
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages -Make visuals clear and well drawn. Please label Convex Lens Focal Point Focal Length
-Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate -Please make notes legible and use indentations when appropriate. -Example of indent. -Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages -Make visuals clear and well drawn. Please label Convex Lens Focal Point Focal Length
“Hoot, Hoot” “Good Luck!” Keep an eye out for “The-Owl” and raise your hand as soon as you see him. He will be hiding somewhere in the slideshow “Hoot, Hoot” “Good Luck!” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
What is science? Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Science is… - Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A study of natural phenomenon.
A systematic study and method.
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A systematic study and method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Knowledge through experience. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
A good Scientist is…. - Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Is safe! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Is safe! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Is accurate, precise and methodical. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Is unbiased, a seeker of the truth. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Can observe and question. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Can find solutions, reasons, and research. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Works in all weather conditions if safe. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Can overcome obstacles. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collaborates (talks) with others. N F U N Study tonight Do good In science Do your work Be nice For Real T O D A Y Science Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process.
Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process. “I love Science Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
This data set makes me happy Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process. “I love Science This data set makes me happy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“This data set makes me happy.” Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process. “I love Science.” “This data set makes me happy.” “I wanted better data.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process. “I love Science.” “This data set makes me happy.” “Failure is not an option.” “I wanted better data.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. Science tries to remove personal experience from the scientific process. “I love Science.” “This data set makes me happy.” “Failure is not an option.” “I wanted better data.” Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
TRY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS. DO NOT USE…I, me, you, he, she, we, you, they, them, theirs, names, etc. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
TRY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS. DO NOT USE…I, me, you, he, she, we, you, they, them, theirs, names, etc. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Do not end science writing with the words “The End Do not end science writing with the words “The End.” Save that for Disney movies. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Please pass three items around the table three times. Then write about your experience without using any personal pronouns. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Please pass three items around the table three times. Then write about your experience without using any personal pronouns. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
How the paragraph could have been written. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
How the paragraph could have been written. Three items were passed around the table in a random fashion. Each member of the table passed and contributed one item. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group was asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group was asked to pass three items around. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group was asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group was asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group was asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End.
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End.
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End.
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Answer! Find the personal pronouns in this poorly written example. Our table group and I were asked to pass three items around. I passed a pencil while Mark and Jill both passed their textbook. We passed our items around until we heard our teacher say “stop.” -The End. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Branches of Science… How many branches of science do you know. - Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Types of scientists… Biology – The study of life. Geology – The study of earth. Chemistry – The study of Matter. Physics – The study of matter and energy. - -The list will continue on the next page. Each branch is a possible career field. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology Biology: the science that studies living organisms Botany: the scientific study of plant life Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself
Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry Entomology: the study of insects Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history
Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes
Every Branch uses the Scientific Method! Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds Ornithology: the study of birds Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes Zoology: the study of animals Every Branch uses the Scientific Method!
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting). Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity. The scientific method is a sequence Activity! The scientific method is a sequence. Please minimize out of slideshow and teacher will assist as student try to arrange the shapes on the right using the correct sequence to match the picture on the left. Next slide
Answer
Answer
Answer
Answer
Answer
Answer
Activity! Sketching out the scientific method. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Activity! Sketching out the scientific method. This requires a full page and will look like the example on the next page when done. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
the independent variable Observe Add to background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Everything in the experiment should be the same except for the independent variable which is the one thing that is different. Repeat experiment Do something With the findings. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Observe and question Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Observe Collect background information Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Observe Collect background information Form a Hypothesis
Observe Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group.
Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Collect data Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Reject hypothesis Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Reject hypothesis Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Create a new experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Reject hypothesis Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Repeat experiment Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Repeat experiment Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Collect background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Repeat experiment Do something With the findings. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Add to background information Form a new Hypothesis Observe Add to background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Repeat experiment Do something With the findings. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
the independent variable Observe Add to background information Form a new Hypothesis Create an experiment with a control group and experimental group. Analyze the data Collect data Support hypothesis Reject hypothesis Everything in the experiment should be the same except for the independent variable which is the one thing that is different. Repeat experiment Do something With the findings. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Experiments search for cause and effect relationships in nature.
Experiments search for cause and effect relationships in nature. These changing quantities are called variables.
Does your grade depend on how much time you spend on your work?
Does your grade depend on how much time you spend on your work? The dependent variable depends on other factors (how much you studied, effort, etc.)
Does your grade depend on how much time you spend on your work? The dependent variable depends on other factors (how much you studied, effort, etc.) Independent variable is the one you have control over (how much you studied).
Does your grade depend on how much time you spend on your work? The dependent variable depends on other factors (how much you studied, effort, etc.) Independent variable is the one you have control over (how much you studied). You have control over your grades.
Variable: Changing quantity of something. -
Variable: Changing quantity of something. -
Variable: Changing quantity of something. -
Independent: (Change) The variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate.
Independent: (Change) The variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate.
Independent: (Change) The variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate.
Dependent: (Observe) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.
Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it a fair test.
Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it a fair test.
Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it a fair test.
Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it a fair test. Everything is exactly the same except for the independent variable
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Problem Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Does fertilizer help a plant to grow? Amount of fertilizer (grams) Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment? One environment is dark, the other is light Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber. Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment? One environment is dark, the other is light Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber. Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment? One environment is dark, the other is light Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber. Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Problem? Independent Variable (Change) Dependent Variable (Observe) Control Variable (Same) Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment? One environment is dark, the other is light Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber. Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.
Sorry, End of Sample. Hundreds of more slides, unit notes, a bundled homework package, review games, rubrics, and much more. http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Science_Introduction_Lab_Safety_Metric_Methods.html Thank you for visiting Part IV and enjoy this PowerPoint Ryan Murphy M.Ed
Science Skills Unit Part IV
Thank you for visiting Part IV and enjoy this PowerPoint This is Part IV /IV Science Skills Unit PowerPoint. The entire unit including the four part 1500+ slides, unit notes, bundled homework package, PowerPoint review game, videos, rubrics, games, and much more can be found at http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Science_Introduction_Lab_Safety_Metric_Methods.html Thank you for visiting Part IV and enjoy this PowerPoint Ryan Murphy M.Ed
More Units Available at… Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit. Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The Introduction to Science / Metric Unit. Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit, The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology: Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and Human Body System and Health Topics Unit Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy