By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY The Industrial Revolution By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Late 18c: French Economic Advantages Napoleonic Code. French communal law. Free contracts Open markets Uniform & clear commercial regulations Standards weights & measures. Established technical schools. The government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions. Bank of France European model providing a reliable currency.
French Economic Disadvantages Years of war Supported the American Revolution. French Revolution. Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Heavy debts. High unemployment soldiers returning from the battlefronts. French businessmen were afraid to take risks.
Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?
That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure Movement
“Enclosed” Lands Today
Metals, Woolens, & Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Mine & Forge [1840-1880] More powerful than water is coal. More powerful than wood is iron. Innovations make steel feasible. “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners 1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners 1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners 1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Young Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”
British Pig Iron Production
Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”
Factory Production Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. Only 10% of English industry in 1850.
Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
The Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions. Mind-numbing monotony.
Textile Factory Workers in England
British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812
Young “Bobbin-Doffers”
Jacquard’s Loom
Industrial Revolution New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam Tractor
Steam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851 Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.
Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits
Crystal Palace: British Ingenuity on Display
Crystal Palace: American Pavilion
Industrial Revolution The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche
Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute
Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.
Industrial Staffordshire
The Silent Highwayman - 1858 Problems of Polution The Silent Highwayman - 1858
The New Industrial City
Early-19c London by Gustave Dore
Worker Housing in Manchester
Factory Workers at Home
Workers Housing in Newcastle Today
The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!
Private Charities: Soup Kitchens
Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”
Protests / Reformers
The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms]. Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]
The Luddite Triangle
The Luddites
The Neo-Luddites Today
Peterloo Massacre, 1819 British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves!
The Chartists Key Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Chartist settlements Centres of Chartism Area of plug riots, 1842
The “Peoples’ Charter” Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett. Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832. Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners. Payment for Members of Parliament. Annual general elections. The secret ballot.
The Chartists A female Chartist A physical force— Chartists arming for the fight.
Anti-Corn Law League, 1845 Give manufactures more outlets for their products. Expand employment. Lower the price of bread. Make British agriculture more efficient and productive. Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition. Promote international peace through trade contact.
New Ways of Thinking
Thomas Malthus Population growth will outpace the food supply. War, disease, or famine could control population. The poor should have less children. Food supply will then keep up with population.
David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages.” When wages are high, workers have more children. More children create a large labor surplus that depresses wages.
The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number. There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safety net.
Jeremy Bentham
The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists People as a society would operate and own the means of production, not individuals. Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few. Tried to build perfect communities [utopias].
Br. Govt. Response to the Dislocation Created by Industrialization
Government Response Abolition of slavery in the colonies in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain]. Sadler Commission to look into working conditions Factory Act [1833] – child labor. New Poor Law [1834] – indoor relief. Poor houses. Reform Bill [1832] – broadens the vote for the cities.
British Reform Bill of 1832
British Reform Bills
The Results of Industrialization at the end of the 19c
By 1850: Zones of Industrialization on the European Continent Northeast France. Belgium. The Netherlands. Western German states. Northern Italy East Germany Saxony
Industrialization By 1850
Railroads on the Continent
Share in World Manufacturing Output: 1750-1900
The Politics of Industrialization State ownership of some industries. RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Tariffs British Corn Laws. National Banks granted a monopoly on issuing bank notes. Bank of England. Bank of France. Companies required to register with the government & publish annual budgets. New legislation to: Establish limited liability. Create rules for the formation of corporations. Postal system. Free trade zones Ger. Zollverein
Bibliographic Sources “Images of the Industrial Revolution.” Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html “The Peel Web: A Web of English History.” http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htm