Covalent Bonding: Orbitals What role do orbitals play in bonding?

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Covalent Bonding: Orbitals What role do orbitals play in bonding? Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals What role do orbitals play in bonding?

Hybridization Assumption: bonding happens between valence electrons of atoms - wrong. Hybridization (mixing) of orbitals occurrs during bonding When one s and three p orbitals are hybridized, an “sp3” orbital is formed (sp3 hybridization). This happens with equivalent tetrahedral atomic orbitals. sp3 Hybridization Video

sp2 Hybridization sp3 hybridized molecules have angles of 109.5°, so in molecules where trigonal planar arrangement (one plane, 120°) is required, sp3 hybridization can not be used. These are formed with one 2s and two 2p orbitals, so it’s called sp2 hybridization. This leaves behind one 2p orbital (perpendicular to the plane). sp2 Hybridization Video

Bond Types Sigma () vs. Pi () When bonds (sharing electrons) form where the pair is shared in an area centered on a line running between atoms, it is a sigma bond (lobes point towards each other) This happens in single bonds…and in double/triple bonds (hold on)

Pi Bonds When electron pairs occupy the space above and below a line joining the atoms When orbitals are parallel Double bonds consist of one sigma and one pi bond Triple bonds consist of one sigma and two pi bonds *Think “hot dog”

sp Hybridization When there is a linear (180°) structure, sp3 and sp2 hybridization will not work Involves one s and one p orbital being hybridized

Localized Electron Model STEPS: Draw the Lewis structure Determine the arrangement of electron pairs using VSEPR Specify the hybrid orbitals needed Example: Predict the hybridization of each atom and describe the molecular structure of BF4- Answer: boron is sp3, fluorine is sp3, molecular structure is tetrahedral

Examples… CO Answer: each atom is sp hybridized, bonds present are a sigma and two pis, lone pairs are sp orbitals

# bonding - # antibonding Bond Order Def: the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons divided by 2… # bonding - # antibonding 2 Indicates bond strength: larger bond order = greater bond strength

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