Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes, Objects Methods and Strings

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Chapter 3 Introduction to Classes, Objects Methods and Strings Java™ How to Program, 9/e © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3.2 Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a Class (Cont.) Compiling an Application with Multiple Classes Compile the classes in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 before executing. Type the command javac GradeBook.java GradeBookTest.java If the directory containing the application includes only this application’s files, you can compile all the classes in the directory with the command javac *.java © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3.4 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods (Cont.) Unlike local variables, which are not automatically initialized, every field has a default initial value—a value provided by Java when you do not specify the field’s initial value. Fields are not required to be explicitly initialized before they are used in a program—unless they must be initialized to values other than their default values. The default value for a field of type String is null © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3.5 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types Types are divided into primitive types and reference types. The primitive types are boolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float and double. All nonprimitive types are reference types. A primitive-type variable can store exactly one value of its declared type at a time. Primitive-type instance variables are initialized by default—variables of types byte, char, short, int, long, float and double are initialized to 0, and variables of type boolean are initialized to false. You can specify your own initial value for a primitive-type variable by assigning the variable a value in its declaration. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3.7 Floating-Point Numbers and Type double A number with a decimal point, such as 7.33, 0.0975 or 1000.12345). float and double primitive types double variables can store numbers with larger magnitude and finer detail than float variables. float represents single-precision floating-point numbers up to seven significant digits. double represents double-precision floating-point numbers that require twice as much memory as float and provide 15 significant digits—approximately double the precision of float variables. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

3.7 Floating-Point Numbers and Type double (Cont.) Java treats all floating-point literals (such as 7.33 and 0.0975) as double values by default. Appendix D, Primitive Types shows the ranges of values for floats and doubles. © Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

© Copyright 1992-2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.