Questions to think about • • Why might an athletic trainer or physical therapist want to measure the range of motion of a joint? •

Angular Kinematics • Angular motion: all parts of a body move through the same angle Angular kinematics deals with angular motion. Nearly all human movement involves rotation of body segments. • •

Biomechanical Principle Qualitative Application of Biomechanical Principle – EX. Soccer kick Hips (flexion,rotation) --> knee (extension)

General Motion Rotation and Translation

Instantaneous Center of Rotation The instantaneous joint center changes throughout any motion of the knee.

Measuring Angles 360o) • An angle is at the intersection of two lines (and planes). Units of measurement • – Degrees (arbitrary units) Radians (fundamental ratio) Revolutions (one revolution = 360o) • Circumference = 2πr; therefore, there are 2π radians in 360o

Angular Kinematic Quantities Units of angular measure π 2π radians 90 degrees 180 degrees 270 degrees 360 degrees π 2 3π 2 radians π radians radians 2π radians 1revolution 1 4 1 2 3 4 revolution revolution revolution

Radians One radian is the angle at the center of a circle described by an arc equal to the length of the radius. •

Converting Angles • θ (deg) = (180 / π ) ×θ (rad ) 1 radian = 57.3o • 1 revolution = 360o = 2 π radians • θ (deg) = (180 / π ) ×θ (rad ) Examples: – Convert 30o to radians. – Convert 4 radians to degrees.

Relative versus Absolute Angles Relative angle: the angle formed between two adjacent body segments (on right) Absolute angle: angular orientation of a single body segment with respect to a fixed line of reference (on left)

Absolute Angles Definition of the sagittal view absolute angles of the trunk, thigh, leg, and foot.

Rear Foot Definition of the absolute angles of the leg and calcaneus in the frontal plane. These angles are used to constitute the rearfoot angle of the right foot. Angles

Standard Reference Terminology >middle of circle • Movements – Angular - Circular movements around an axis rotation. Unit of reference --> angle (degrees radians). of or • Rotation -turning of a bicycle segments around joints • Axis of rotation >middle of circle >center of joint wheel or limb origin Def: imaginary line about which rotation occurs (pivot, hinge)

Circular Reference Terms Circumference (C=2πr) Radius (r) – the distance from the axis of perimeter of the circle Terms • rotation to the • Diameter (D) – the distance between one side of a circle to the opposite going through the axis of rotation Arc – A rotary distance between 2 angular positions Arclength – curvilinear distance covered on the perimeter of an arc pi (π) = 3.14159……. • •

Angular Velocity ω = change in angular position ω = θ f − θi = ∆θ ti • displacement is the rate of change of angular ω = change in angular position ω = θ f − θi = ∆θ ω = angular velocity in [rad / s] ∆θ = angular displacement in [rad ] ∆t = time in [s] change in time t − ti ∆t f

Example A therapist examines the range of motion of an athlete’s knee joint. At full extension, the angle between the leg and thigh is 178o. At full flexion, the angle between the leg and thigh is 82o. The leg is moved between these two angles in 1.2 s. What is the angular velocity of the leg?

Angular Acceleration α = change in angular velocity α = ω f − ωi = ∆ω • Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity. α = change in angular velocity α = ω f − ωi = ∆ω α = angular accleration in [rad / s 2 ] ∆ω = change in angular velocity in [rad / s] ∆t = time in [s] change in time t f − ti ∆t

Example When Josh begins his discus throwing motion, he spins with an angular velocity of 5 rad/s. Just before he releases the discus, Josh’s angular velocity is 25 rad/s. If the time from the beginning of the throw to just before release is 1 s, what is Josh’s average angular acceleration?

Example A golf club is swung with an average angular acceleration of 1.5 rad/s2. What is the angular velocity of the club when it strikes the ball at the end of a 0.8 s swing?

Linear and Angular Displacement s = linear distance = radius of rotation × angular displacement s = r × ∆θ (∆θ must be in radians)

Example If the arm segment has length 0.13 m and it rotates about the elbow an angular displacement of 0.23 radians, what is the linear distance traveled by the wrist?

Linear and Angular Velocity v = linear velocity = radius of rotation × angular velocity v = r ×ω (m / s) = (m) × (rad / s)

Example Two baseballs are consecutively hit by a bat. The first ball is hit 25 cm from the bat’s axis of rotation, and the second ball is hit 45 cm from the bat’s axis of rotation. If the angular velocity of the bat was 35 rad/s at the instant that both balls were contacted, what was the linear velocity of the bat at the two contact points?

Example A tennis racket swung with an angular velocity of 12 rad/s strikes a motionless ball at a distance of 0.5 m from the axis of rotation. What is the linear velocity of the racket at the point of contact with the ball?

Linear and Angular Acceleration a = linear acceleration = radius of rotation × angular acceleration a = r ×α (m / s2 ) = (m) × (rad / s2 )

Radial Acceleration ar = radial (m / s 2 ) = (linear velocity)2 Since linear velocity is a vector its direction will change even if the angular speed of an object is constant. The acceleration associated with the changing direction of the velocity vector called radial acceleration or centripetal acceleration. is (linear velocity)2 2 2 r r m ar = radial acceleration = radius of (m / s) rotation v a = (m / s 2 ) =

Tangential and Centripetal Acceleration linear acceleration=tangential acceleration=aT radial acceleration=centripetal acceleration=aC

Example An individual is running around a turn with an 11 m radius at 3.75 m/s. What is the runner’s centripetal acceleration?

Example A hammer thrower spins with an angular velocity of 1700o/s. The distance from her axis of rotation to hammer head is 1.2 m. What is the linear velocity of the hammer head? What is the centripetal acceleration the hammer head? If the distance to the hammer head the a) b) of c) changes to 1.0 m does the centripetal acceleration increase or decrease?