The Prairies 1870-1896 Picture background with textured caption (Intermediate) To reproduce the textured shape effects on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 5” into the Height box and 4” into the Width box. Also on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Textures and then click and then click Pink Tissue Paper (fourth row). In the Transparency box, enter 20%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, and in the Line Color pane select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, and in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Orange, Accent color 6 Dark (second row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and then in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, do the following: Under Glow, click the button next to Presets, and then click No Glow. Under Soft Edges, in the Size box enter 5 pt. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the second rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradient, and click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 90°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stops or Remove gradient stops until two stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, and then under Theme Colors click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. In the Transparency box, enter 50%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Glow and Soft Edges in the left pane, and then in the Glow and Soft Edges pane, under Soft Edges, in the Size box enter 5 pt. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 5” into the Height box and 4” into the Width box. Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align Selected Objects. Click Align Center. Click Align Middle. To reproduce the clip art effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Images group, click Clip Art. In the Clip Art pane, do the following: In the Search for box, enter 00322861.wmf. In the Results should be list, select All media file types. Select Include Office.com content. Click Go. Double-click the thumbnail of the clip art to insert it onto the slide. Select the clip art. Under Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, enter 0.56” into the Height box and 2” into the Width box. Also on the Format tab, in the Arrange group, click Group, and then click Ungroup to convert the clip art to a Microsoft Office drawing object. On the Home tab, in the Edit group, click Select, and then click Selection Pane. In the Selection and Visibility pane, select Autoshape and press DELETE. Select the ungrouped clip art. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Object dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane click Solid fill, and then under Fill Color, do the following: in the Color box, enter Black, Text 1. In the Transparency box, enter 80%. Position the ungrouped clip art over the bottom half of the transparent rectangle. Select the ungrouped clip art. On the Home tab, in the Clipboard group, click the arrow to the right of Copy, and then click Duplicate. Select the second ungrouped clip art. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Rotate, and then click More Rotation Options. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, in the Rotation box enter 180°. Position the second ungrouped clip art over the top half of the transparent rectangle. To reproduce the text effects on this slide, do the following: On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click Text Box. On the slide, drag to draw a text box. Enter text in the text box, and then select the text. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select Constantia from the Font list, select 36 pt. from the Font Size list, and then select White, Background 1 from the Font Color list. Also on the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Center. Press and hold CTRL, and then select the textured rectangle, the transparent rectangle, both ungrouped clip art, and the text box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Press and hold CTRL, and then select both rectangles and the text box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then click Align Middle. To reproduce the picture background on this slide, do the following: On the Design tab, in the Background group, click Background Styles, and then click Format Background. In the Format Background dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Picture or texture fill, and then under Insert from click File. In the Insert Picture dialog box, select a picture and then click Insert.

The Metis in the Northwest Similar settlement patterns to Red River “long lots” with the Catholic Church located centrally Income generated in 3 ways: 1. Small scale farming 2. Hunting buffalo 3. Hauling freight for the HBC By the 1870s buffalo was beginning to disappear and life was getting hard “Laws of St. Laurent” – strict laws for hunting bison; similar to the laws today in regards to endangered animals

Lawrence Clarke Chief Factor at Fort Carlton Believed that the Metis were inferior Used his influence to lower the position of the Metis Hired part-time with contracts rather than full time work Paid as little as possible Requested to be appointed magistrate – this gave him power and control of the area Used this power to benefit HBC  imprisoned Metis who argued his rules

A Harsh Winter After a difficult winter, some Metis began to hunt before the official hunt began and were arrested and fined by Gabriel Dumont (Metis president of St. Laurent) Clarke arrested Dumont and fined him Why do you think this incident was important? What did the actions of Clarke say about the Metis laws?

The Whiskey Traders and the NWMP Power had shifted from the HBC to the Canadian Government American trading companies began to trade in alcohol which caused a serious problem  alcoholism which led to malnutrition and disease By 1872 the Canadian government decided to police the North-West Territory (modern day Alberta) In 1873, The North West Mounted Police was formed Responsible to drive out whiskey traders They were successful but the damage had been done.

Cypress Hills Massacre In the Spring of 1874, the Assiniboine people attacked the whiskey traders who were yet to flee 30 Assiniboine were killed 300 NWMP officers were sent to Cypress Hills and the remaining whiskey traders fled

Treaties By 1870 all land in the Northwest except for the Selkirk settlement was held by the aboriginal nations 1870 Canadian government began to negotiate with native peoples through Department of Indian Affairs The land held by the native peoples was very valuable as settlement and agricultural land By the end of 1871 treaties 1 & 2 had been signed and many native peoples had signed away land Eurpoean settlers could only take stake on land when the treaties had been signed…time was important!

Cree and Saulteaux negotiations The Cree and Saulteaux peoples wanted to maintain 60% of their land The Canadian Government refused and made the following offer: 160 acres of land per family of 5 The native people would be given tools for farming The native peoples knew that no better offer would be given and so they agreed The government would not hold up to their end of the agreement and the native peoples were not given supplies to farm and therefore they were set up to fail By the end of the 19th century the Natives relied solely on the Canadian Government for survival…this would become a very big problem!

From 1874-1877, 5 more treaties would be signed The Canadian Government was now in control of all the available land for agriculture and European settlement In 1876 the Indian Act was in place Natives could live only on reserves Children lived in residential schools Catholic Missionaries escorted all native peoples to reserves immediately after signing the treaties and acted like a sort of police unit

National Dream MacDonald was eager to get the railway going…he had found people to finance the project Sir Hugh Allen – main financial contributor 1871- Allen created the CPR company – this seemed like a Canadian enterprise but in reality, the American owned Northern Pacific Railway was backing the project Allen had no intention to build a truly Canadian intercontinental railway – the CPR would act as a linkage to the NPR

National Dream or National Nightmare In 1872, MacDonald called a general election to attempt to refocus the CPR and other major projects During the election the issues with the CPR came to light in what was later called the “Pacific Scandal” This scandal led to MacDonald resigning in 1873 After the resignation of MacDonald –Liberal leader MacKenzie took over parliament and publicly disagreed with the construction of the railway – he argued that due to the depression there was simply no $ for ‘that damned railway’

There was a lot of resistance toward the dismissal of the railway BC, who had agreed to join Confederation only because of the promise of the railroad, threatened to secede from Canada. MacDonald, now on the sidelines, still wanted to railway and ran, once again, for election in 1878.

MacDonald’s National Policy MacDonald’s platform – The National Policy, included 3 main points: 1. Protective Tarrifs: Protection of Canadian manufacturing 2. Western Settlement: Encouraging European settlement in the west to allow for an influx of finance and an increased economy 3. CPR – the main goal for MacDonald MacDonald was once again elected into office, this time he would be successful in building his dream; building the CPR.

CPR Syndicate As an attempt to gain new financing for the CPR, the Canadian Government offered the syndicate 25 million dollars and 25 million acres of land in return for a completed railway in 10 years After 1881, the CPR syndicate was approved and the original route was altered. The syndicate needed rejuvenation and so William Van Horne was hired to oversee the building of the railway. Money was becoming scarce but the Canadian Gov. gave another 25 million to the project. In 1884, the money was gone.

Due to the Northwest Rebellion the railway was given more funding and was completed. Why do you think this was?

CPR ‘Saves’ Nation During the Northwest Rebellion, partially completed CPR transported military to aid in efforts which increased success of the Canadian Government This situation breathed new life into the project and helped to regain public support for a railway The Canadian Government, once again, invests in the CPR and the project is completed in the fall of 1885, 5 years ahead of schedule.

Northwest Rebellion After the cost of the railroad, the Canadian Government wanted access to the $71 million worth of land in the Northwest The relationship between the government and the Metis was strained to put it lightly The government exercise control over the Metis by limiting trade and access to food and resources The use of necessary resources forced the Metis to react…

Louis Riel returns After exile and a harmless career as a school teacher, Riel returns to the Northwest after stories of the treatment by the government reaches him Riel did not intend on a violent revolution Discussion with the Metis in the region sparks discussion of another rebellion

Metis Bill of Rights In 1884 a sympathetic European settler and Riel draft the “Metis Bill of Rights” - The bill of rights was similar to the 1869 List of Rights but was much more formal and more strict in demands “that the Indians are so reduced that the settlers in many localities are compelled to furnish them with food, partly to prevent them from dying at their door, and partly to preserve the peace in their Territory” What does the above quote indicate about the treatment of the Metis people? How about the attitudes of the Europeans?

“that the Metis of the Territory have not received 240 acres of land, each, as did the Manitoba (Metis)” “that the Metis who are in possession of tracts of land have not received patents (title)” What do the above quotes indicate about relations between the government and the Metis? How did the treaty agreements end up? In favour of the Metis? The Canadian government?

The Northwest Rebellion continued Tensions were rising Ammunition was banned in the Territory as a direct method to limit the Metis defence against treaty regulations On March 19, Riel addressed the Metis of St. Laurent Explained that a peaceful resolution would be impossible Riel demanded the surrender of Ft. Carlton – this, unfortunately, was denied The attempt and demand of surrender resulted in 12 dead NWMP and another rebellion had begun…

The battles of the rebellion… 1600 militia (Canadian forces) fought against 60 Metis The Metis were able to hold off the forces for 1 day On May 9, the militia reached Batoche where 725 militia attacked 175 Metis The battle lasted 3 days The Metis were defeated This rebellion was a main contribution to the completed railway as mentioned previously

What happened to Riel and the Meits this time? Louis Riel was captured on May 15 Involved Metis leaders were tracked down and received lenient sentences Why do you think this is? Why is it that Riel was viewed as so dangerous and ‘evil’ by the government and the other leaders received lenience?

Many members of the government wanted leniency for Riel too The courts disagreed Riel blamed the government for the rebellion claiming that the treatment of the Metis warranted action Words had proven to be useless November 16, 1885: Louis Riel was hanged for treason Do you think Riel deserved his punishment? Many have viewed him as a hero; many saw him as a villain. What do you think?