The Molecular and Systems Biology of Memory Eric R. Kandel, Yadin Dudai, Mark R. Mayford  Cell  Volume 157, Issue 1, Pages 163-186 (March 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Epigenetic Mechanism in Memory Epigenetic regulation of the transcriptional switch: 5HT inhibits miRNA-124 and thus facilitates the activation of CREB-1, which begins the process of memory consolidation, while piRNA, also activated by 5HT, but with a delay, leads to the methylation and thus repression of the promoter of CREB-2, allowing CREB-1 to be active for a longer period of time. Cell 2014 157, 163-186DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Prions in Memory (A and B) Schematic models of pathogenic (A) and functional (B) prions. (C) Antibody that is specific for the aggregated (functional prionic) form of ApCPEB selectively blocks the maintenance of long-term facilitation produced by 5HT. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. Cell 2014 157, 163-186DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Genetic Tagging of Active Circuits Two transgenes are required. The expression of tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTA) is linked to neural activity by the cfos promoter. In the presence of doxycycline (DOX) tTA fails to activate the second gene (ChR2 in this example). During time periods when DOX is absent neurons activated by environmental stimuli express the Chr2 gene. This allows labeling of sparsely distributed neural ensembles and their subsequent reactivation. Cell 2014 157, 163-186DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Brain Correlates of the Encoding and Retrieval of Human Declarative Memory (A) Brain activity in encoding that predicts subsequent memory. The figure depicts statistical BOLD-signal maps produced by metaanalysis of data from 74 fMRI studies of subsequent memory of verbal items and their associations and of visual items and their associations. The memory-predicting regions revealed by this set of studies include the bilateral mediotemporal lobe (MTL), left inferior frontal cortex, bilateral fusiform cortex centered on the intraprietal sulcus, and bilateral posterior parietal cortex. Images reproduced by permission from Kim (2011). (B) Diagrams depicting the dynamics of brain network fast functional connectivity in memory retrieval revealed by electrocorticographical (ECoG) recording in patients undergoing seizure monitoring. The patients were engaged in retrieving spatial and temporal episodic contexts. Phase synchronization between brain areas was used as a measure of connectivity. The panels display the connectivity correlated with correct spatial and temporal retrieval in the 1–4 Hz and 7–10 Hz bands. PHG, parahippocampal gyrus; MFG, middle frontal gyrus; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; IPL, inferior parietal lobule; PCN, precuneus; SPL, superior parietal lobule. Successful retrieval was associated with greater global connectivity among the sites with the MTL acting as a hub for the interactions, but while correct spatial context retrieval was characterized by lower frequency interactions across the network, temporal context retrieval was characterized by faster frequency interactions. These results provide insight into how multiple contexts associated with a single event can be retrieved in the same network. Reprinted by permission from Watrous et al. (2013). Cell 2014 157, 163-186DOI: (10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.001) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions