한국잠수응급구난망 www.denkorea.co.kr 김 희 덕 History of Diving 한국잠수응급구난망 www.denkorea.co.kr 김 희 덕

Introduction

Purpose - general history of the development of military diving operations Scope - outlines the hard work and dedication of a number of individuals who were pioneers in the development of diving technology

Role of the ROKN - Ship maintenance, search, - UDT / Seal - Ship maintenance, search, - Rescue & salvage operation - Inspection & reparing naval vessels - Underwater construction - Location & recovering downed aircraft

Surface-Supplied Air Diving 표면공급 공기잠수

Introduction - Scyllis · Perscian King, Xerxes에 의해 고용됨 · B.C. 15C · recover sunken treasure - Alexander the Great · B.C. 332 · remove obstacles in the Lebanon harbor

Breathing Tubes

Breathing Bag

Diving Bells (잠수 종) 15c ~18c For hours rather than minutes Bell-shaped apparatus with the bottom open to the sea

1690, Edmund Halley - 60 ft, 4 divers, 1.5 hours  4 hours, 66ft

Diving Dress Design 1. Lethbridge’s Diving Dress

2. Deane’s Patented Diving Dress - protection from the cold - helmet with view port - hose connections for surface supplied air 3. Siebe’s Improved Diving Dress - sealed the helmet to the dress at the collar - water proof suit - exhaust valve · MK V standard deep-sea diving dress

Caissons - Engineering technology

Physiological Discoveries 생리학적 발견 1. Caisson Disease (Decompression sickness)  감압병 - dizzy spell (일시적인 현기증) - Breathing difficulties ( 호흡곤란) - Sharp pain in the joint or abdomen (관절통 혹은 복통) - “bends”

1-1. Causes of DCS - 1878 - Paul Bert (French physiologist) - nitrogen into solution in the blood & tissues of the body (under pressure) - gas bubbles throughout the body (pressure released) - symptom 1-2. Prevention & Treatment of DCS - slowly return - recompression chamber (1879)

2. Inadequate Ventilation - J. S Haldene (English physiologist) - CO2 accumulation  inadequate ventilation - standard supply rate of flow  1.5 fpm - pumps 3. Nitrogen Narcosis (질소마취) - 150 ft - euphoric & losing judgment - anesthetic properties - Heliox

Armored Diving Suits Atmospheric Diving Suit (ADS) = 대기압 잠수복  2000 ft

MK V Deep-sea Diving Dress

1905, MK V Diving Helmet 1916, Communication system Regulating valve Relief valve Exhaust valve (1927) 1927, Deep sea dress & umbilical MK 12 MK 21

Scuba Diving

S C U B A SCUBA : Self – Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Open – Circuit Scuba Closed – Circuit Scuba Semiclosed – Circuit Scuba

Open-circuit Scuba Rouquayrol’s Demand Regulator LePrieur’s Open-Circuit Scuba Design Cousteau ND Gagnan’s Aqua-Lung Impact of Scuba on Diving

Closed-Circuit Scuba Fleuss’ Closed-Circuit Scuba Modern Closed-Circuit System

Hazards of Using Oxygen in Scuba 산소독성 1878, Paul Bert VENTIDC (CNS toxicity) Pulmonary toxicity

Mixed – Gas Diving

Introduction Breathing medium, consist of - - N2 & O2 proportions - mixture of other inert gas (helium) with oxygen Special training, detailed planning, specialized & advanced equipment, extensive surface support personnel & facilities Qualified diver Two Categories - Nonsaturation diving without pressurized bell (max. 300ft) - saturation diving (150 fsw이상, extended bottom time)

Non-saturation Diving 1. Helium-Oxygen (Heliox) Diving - Physiological effects · high thermal conductivity of helium · high – pitched distortion or “Donald Duck” effect - MK V MOD 1 helmet 2. Hydrogen – Oxygen Diving - explosive character - 산소농도가 4% 이하면 폭발성이 없다 3. Modern surface – supplied Mixed – gas diving

Diving Bells 1. SDC(submersible decompression chamber) - 2 men, steel, 2 opening hatches, - ventilate, gas & communication supply 2. 1931. DDC(deck decompression chamber) - mate DDC-SDC - additional space, bunk, food & clothing 3. Saturation Diving - DDS(deep diving system)

Saturation Diving Extend actual working time at depth Submarine rescue & salvage, sea bed implantments, construction scientific testing & observation Extensive bottom time

Saturation Diving-1 1. Advantage - decompression is the most time consuming factor - 동일한 압력(수심)에 포화된 우리 인체는 해저체류 (잠수)시간에 관계없이 감압시간이 일정하다. - 200 fsw, 40 hrs  5 days at bottom pressure 2 days in decompression

Saturation Diving-2 2. Bond’s Saturation Theory - 1957, NS Navy Diving Medical Officer Captain George F. Bond - The tissues of the body would eventually become saturated with inert gas if exposure time was long enough 3. Genesis Project - theory of saturation diving - animal & human experiments

Saturation Diving-3 4. Developmental Testing - 1st practical open-sea demonstration Sep. 1962 by Edward A. Link & Capt. Jacques-Yves Cousteau - one man, He-O2 at 200fsw for 24hrs (Link) - two men, habitat, 33fsw for 169hrs (Cousteau) - Six men, N2-O2, 35fsw for 7 days (Cousteau) - 1964, Link & Lambertsen, 2-days, 2 men at 430fsw - seven men, 30 days at 36fsw & 90fsw with excursion dives to 330fsw

Saturation Diving-4 5. Sealab Program 1) Sealabs I and II - 1963. DEC. habitat 2) Sealab III - 600fsw, habitat, NEDU, 28 He-Ox, 825fsw(1965-1968) - 1968. 825fsw, Sat depth  1,025fsw excursion diving(NEDU) - 31 ATA에서 작업가능하다는 것 증명

Deep Diving Systems(DDS) Consist of - DDC(Deck decompression chamber) - PTC(Personal Transfer Capsule)

Submarine Salvage & Rescue

USS F-4 1915, Honolulu, 21 crews died Lifting pontoons 304 fsw, air as breathing mixture Bottom time-10minutes Nitrogen narcosis Physiological problems – new breathing medium US diving manual

USS S-51 1925. 132fsw, Block Island, Rhode Island 1927. Diving & Salvage School Experimental Diving Unit(NEDU)  US Navy Air Decompression Tables Diving ability 증강하는 요인으로 작용

USS S-4 1927. Coast guard와 충돌 102fsw, 22시간후에 외부접촉 모두 사망(공기공급, 폭풍) LT C.B. Momsen escape lung 발명 : 1929. 26장교가 실험하여 성공

USS Squalus Mc Cann-Erickson Rescue chamber 1939. 50명중 33명을 243fsw에서 구출 1st salvage operation with He-Ox

USS Thresher 핵 잠수함 8,400fsw, 전 승조원 사망 최초로 사고조사 위원회를 구성해서 침몰원인규명 - Deep Submergence Rewiew Group (DSRG) 구성 하여 Deep Submergence Systems Project  전 미해군내에 잠수 및 수중 활동에 관심 촉발 1972. DSRV (Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle) - 5000 fsw 까지 diving 가능 - 2500 fsw 까지 rescue 가능

Salvage Diving (Salvage Operation)

History 1. 2차 세계대전 2. 월남전 3. 우리해군의 Salvage operation - 북한 반 잠수정 인양 - 150msw, saturation (He – O2) Diving

Open Sea Diving Records

History of Open Sea Diving Records 1915, USN 304fsw MK V dress 1972, MK2 MOD O DDS, 1,010fsw 1975, MK1 DDS, 1,148fsw 1977, French Dive Team, 1,643fsw 1981, British divers, The deepest salvage operation 803fsw, 금괴 1999, 2~3. ROKN, The 1st Salvage operation with Saturation Diving, 150msw(500fsw) 현재, 300fsw (1000fsw)이상 가능

Summary