Modulation of Hair Growth with Small Molecule Agonists of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Rudolph D. Paladini, Jacqueline Saleh, Changgeng Qian, Guang-Xin.

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Modulation of Hair Growth with Small Molecule Agonists of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Rudolph D. Paladini, Jacqueline Saleh, Changgeng Qian, Guang-Xin Xu, Lee L. Rubin Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 125, Issue 4, Pages 638-646 (October 2005) DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Anagen induction and hair growth in C57BL/6NcrlBR (C57BL/6) mice treated with a single topical dose of hedgehog (Hh)-agonist. (A) Seven-wk-old male mice were shaved and given a single 25 μL topical application of vehicle (95% acetone/5% DMSO) or Hh-agonist (0.06 μg per μL in vehicle, 120 μM) on their upper and lower dorsal regions. Hair growth in the mice pictured is 13 d after topical application. (B, C) Five-μm parasagittal paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. Vehicle (B) or Hh-agonist (C) was applied to the right of the arrow. Skin was processed for analysis 14 d after treatment. Hair growth was restricted to the area of topical application. hf, hair follicle. Scale bar (B, C)=200 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 125, 638-646DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Light microscopy analysis of the hedgehog (Hh)-agonist-induced hair cycle. Five-μm parasagittal paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A–H, Q–T) or immunostained with an antibody to BrdU (I–P) and analyzed by light microscopy. Seven-wk-old C57BL/6NcrlBR (C57BL/6) male mice were given a single 25 μL topical dose of Hh-agonist (0.06 μg per μL in vehicle) and skin was isolated at the indicated day over the course of the induced hair cycle. Depilated skin was used as a control for anagen induction. Hh-agonist (Ag)-treated skin: A–D, I–L, Q, S; depilated skin (dep): E–H, M–P, R, T. hf, hair follicle; m, matrix. Scale bar=100 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 125, 638-646DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Time course of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway gene expression in skin following anagen induction in hedgehog (Hh)-agonist-treated mice. The seven-wk-old C57BL/6NcrlBR (C57BL/6) male mice were treated once with either 25 μL of vehicle, Hh-agonist (0.06 μg per μL in vehicle), or a depilatory agent on their dorsal surface. Skin from each group (n=4) was harvested at days 0–10 after treatment and RNA was isolated. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the expression of Gli1 (A), Shh (B), Ptc1 (patched-1) (C), and Gli2 (D). Values are graphed as a relative fold induction compared with the vehicle-treated sample at time zero using glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a reference gene. GAPDH levels did not vary significantly as a function of treatment or time. Statistical significance was determined by performing a two-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni post-tests (p<0.05). Asterisk (*) indicates the time point at which statistically significant induction begins. There was no significant induction of any of the Hh pathway genes in the vehicle-treated samples. Error bars represent±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 125, 638-646DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Epidermal differentiation in hedgehog (Hh)-agonist-treated mouse skin. Five-μm parasagittal paraffin sections from vehicle, depilated, or Hh-agonist-treated mouse skin were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A, F, K) or immunostained with antibodies to K6 (B, G, L), K10 (C, H, M), loricrin (D, I, N), and K14 (E, J, O) and subsequently analyzed by light microscopy. Seven-wk-old C57BL/6NcrlBR (C57BL/6) male mice were given a single 25 μL topical application of either vehicle or Hh-agonist (0.06 μg per μL in vehicle). Depilated skin was used as a control for anagen induction. Skin was processed for analysis 10 d after treatment during the anagen VI stage of the hair cycle. Vehicle (veh)-treated skin: A–E; depilated skin (dep): F–J; Hh-agonist (Ag)-treated skin: K–O. Scale bar (A–O)=100 μm. Scale bar in inset (C, D, H, I, M, and N)=10 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 125, 638-646DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Long-term effects of hedgehog (Hh)-agonist treatment on epidermal differentiation in mouse skin. Five-μm parasagittal paraffin sections from vehicle-(A, C, E, G, I, K) or Hh-agonist-treated (B, D, F, H, J, L) mouse skin were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A, B) or immunostained with antibodies to BrdU (C, D), K6 (E, F), K10 (G, H), loricrin (I, J), and K14 (K, L) and subsequently analyzed by light microscopy. Seven-wk-old C57BL/6NcrlBR (C57BL/6) male mice were given a single 25 μL topical application of either vehicle or Hh-agonist (0.06 μg per μL in vehicle). Skin from vehicle- and Hh-agonist-treated mice was obtained and processed for analysis ∼1 y after treatment. Scale bar (A, B)=100 μm. Scale bar (C–L)=50 μm. Scale bar in inset (G–J)=10 μm. Arrowheads indicate BrdU positive cells (C and D). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 125, 638-646DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Hedgehog (Hh) pathway gene induction in hedgehog (Hh-)agonist-treated fetal scalp. Human fetal scalp skin was cultured and topically treated once daily with either 8 μL of vehicle or Hh-agonist (0.15 μg per μL in vehicle). RNA was isolated after 4 d in culture. The relative mRNA fold induction of Gli1, Ptc1 (patched-1), and Gli2 due to Hh-agonist treatment was statistically significant compared with vehicle (*p<0.01, n=4) as analyzed by the student's t-test. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a reference gene and did not vary significantly due to treatment. The relative mRNA fold induction was determined by using no treatment as a reference. The results are the average of four different experiments. Each experiment was performed in duplicate. Error bars represent±SEM. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2005 125, 638-646DOI: (10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23867.x) Copyright © 2005 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions