Theoretical Model: Slip propagation Slip on frictional discontinuities starts on weak areas and propagates towards strong areas. The critical energy release rate GIIC, which is a predictor for slip initiation, is not a material property. GIIC increases with confinement for those discontinuities with different peak and residual shear strengths. GIICcan be used as predictor for initiation of shear (frictional) cracks. Crack Tip Back Lobe Front Lobe Weak Area Strong Area Slip propagation theoretical model detail v Pre-existing fracture coalescence through shear crack Pre-existing fracture Schematic Increased surface roughness Theoretical Model: