Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

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Presentation transcript:

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

History Greeks Democritus and Leucippus - atomos Aristotle- elements. 1660 - Robert Boyle- experimental definition of element. Lavoisier- Father of modern chemistry.

Laws Conservation of Mass Law of Definite Proportion- compounds have a constant composition. The react in specific ratios by mass. Multiple Proportions- When two elements form more than one compound, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first can be reduced to small whole numbers.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Elements are made up of atoms Atoms of each element are identical. Atoms of different elements are different. Compounds are formed when atoms combine. Each compound has a specific number and kinds of atom. Chemical reactions are rearrangement of atoms. Atoms are not created or destroyed.

Experiments to determine what an atom was J. J. Thomson- used Cathode ray tubes

Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source - +

Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source - +

- + Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source Passing an electric current makes a beam appear to move from the negative to the positive end.

Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source By adding an electric field

Thomson’s Experiment Voltage source + - By adding an electric field, he found that the moving pieces were negative

Thomsom’s Model Found the electron. Couldn’t find positive (for a while). Said the atom was like plum pudding. A bunch of positive stuff, with the electrons able to be removed.

Millikan’s Experiment Atomizer Oil droplets - + Oil Telescope

Millikan’s Experiment X-rays X-rays give some electrons a charge.

Millikan’s Experiment From the mass of the drop and the charge on the plates, he calculated the mass of an electron Some drops would hover

Radioactivity Discovered by accident Bequerel Three types alpha- helium nucleus (+2 charge, large mass) beta- high speed electron gamma- high energy light

Rutherford’s Experiment Used uranium to produce alpha particles. Aimed alpha particles at gold foil by drilling hole in lead block. Since the mass is evenly distributed in gold atoms alpha particles should go straight through. Used gold foil because it could be made atoms thin.

Florescent Screen Lead block Uranium Gold Foil

What he expected

Because

Because, he thought the mass was evenly distributed in the atom.

What he got

How he explained it Atom is mostly empty Small dense, positive piece at center. Alpha particles are deflected by it if they get close enough. +

+

Modern View The atom is mostly empty space. Two regions Nucleus- protons and neutrons. Electron cloud- region where you might find an electron.

Formulas for acids hydrofluoric acid dichromic acid carbonic acid hydrophosphoric acid hypofluorous acid perchloric acid phosphorous acid