Schematic model of effector pathways that mediate tumor suppression by p53. Schematic model of effector pathways that mediate tumor suppression by p53.

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Schematic model of effector pathways that mediate tumor suppression by p53. Schematic model of effector pathways that mediate tumor suppression by p53. Upon activation, p53 regulates the transcription of mRNAs that encode proteins and/or non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs and lncRNAs. p53 mainly acts as a transcriptional activator and to a minor extent as a transcriptional repressor. In addition, p53 indirectly regulates numerous effectors, for example E2F or MCM complex components via its direct target genes, such as p21 and miR-34a. Moreover, there is extensive crosstalk between direct and indirect p53 targets. The differential expression of direct and indirect p53 targets leads to the induction of specific cellular processes, such as cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, or mesenchymal–epithelial transition, which suppress mediate tumor progression. Sabine Hünten et al. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015;14:2609-2629 © 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.