Announcements Be respectful – no electronics please! Textbook homework tomorrow in discussion Solutions manuals available for use in Chem Learning Center (2021 Chem Annex) Lab due tomorrow in discussion Lab again on Monday – Precipitation Reactions Bring headphones or earbuds! Stoichiometry Workshop Tuesday March 12 Exam 2 on Thursday March 14 What is the purpose of the quicksand video?

Solubility Rules (Page 167) Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.

The one where it’s not on the solubility rules. Special Case #1 Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble. The one where it’s not on the solubility rules.

Clicker #1 Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble. When aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous sodium chromate are mixed, what are the formulas of the soluble and insoluble products? Soluble (aq) Insoluble (s) a) NaNO3 Ag2Cr2O7 b) AgCrO4 c) Ag2CrO4 d) e)

Talk About It: What is incorrect about each of the net ionic equations shown below? 1) Ag2+(aq) + CrO4-2(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) 2) Ag2+(aq) + CrO4-2(aq)  Ag2CrO4(s) 3) Ag+(aq) + CrO4-2(aq)  AgCrO4(s)

Clicker #2 When potassium chloride and sodium nitrate are mixed, what precipitate will form? KCl(aq) + NaNO3(aq) → A) KNO3 B) NaCl C) KCl D) NaNO3 E) No precipitate will form. Solubility Rules Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.

The one where nothing happens. Special Case #2 Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble. The one where nothing happens.

Special Case #3 The one where it looks like nothing happens, but something actually does happen. Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.

Acids & Bases

Clicker #3 – From the homework What acid and base must have reacted to produce these substances? __________ + _________  K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) HSO4 and KOH H2SO4 and K2OH H2SO4 and KOH H2SO4 and K2O

Solubility Rules (Page 127) Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.

Special Case #4 The one everything where happens. Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.

Toxicity of Barium Ions Marie Robards, Fort Worth Texas,1993

X-Ray Contrast Imaging Using Barium Sulfate

Clicker #4 What are the spectator ions in this reaction? A) H+, OH- B) Ba+2, SO4-2 C) H+ only D) Ba+2, SO4-2, H+, OH- E) There are no spectator ions.

Solubility Rules (Page 127) Most nitrate salts are soluble. Most salts of sodium, potassium, and ammonium cations are soluble. Most chloride salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+. Most sulfate salts are soluble. Exceptions: Ca2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble. Soluble ones are: Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Most sulfide, carbonate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble.

Stay positive… If you’re not part of the solution, you’re part of the precipitate.