A relationship between price and quantity demanded in a given time period, ceteris paribus. Cēterīs paribus (Latin phrase), literally translated as "with other things the same." It is commonly rendered in English as "all other things being equal."

An inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period, ceteris paribus. Reasons: We want to buy goods as cheap as possible We have limited amount of money.

Change in quantity demanded Demand shocks

Market demand is the horizontal summation of individual consumer demand curves

tastes and preferences prices of related goods and services income number of consumers expectations of future prices and income

Effect of fads:

substitute goods – an increase in the price of one results in an increase in the demand for the other. Example: tea and coffee complementary goods – an increase in the price of one results in a decrease in the demand for the other. Example: car and fuel

Price of coffee rises:

Price of DVDs rises:

A good is a normal good if an increase in income results in an increase in the demand for the good.

A good is an inferior good if an increase in income results in a reduction in the demand for the good.

An increase in the number of buyers results in an increase in demand.

A higher expected future price will increase current demand. A lower expected future price will decrease current demand. A higher expected future income will increase the demand for all normal goods. A lower expected future income will reduce the demand for all normal goods.

the relationship that exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period, ceteris paribus.

A direct relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period, ceteris paribus.

Supply shock Change in quantity supplied

The market supply curve is the horizontal summation of the supply curves of individual firms.

the price of resources, technology and productivity, the expectations of producers, the number of producers, the prices of related goods and services note that this involves a relationship in production, not in consumption

As the price of a resource rises, profitability declines, leading to a reduction in the quantity supplied at any price.

Technological improvements (and any changes that raise the productivity of labour) lower production costs and increase profitability.

An increase in the expected future price of a good or service results in a reduction in current supply.

Firms produce and sell more than one commodity. Firms respond to the relative profitability of the different items that they sell. The supply decision for a particular good is affected not only by the goods own price but also by the prices of other goods and services the firm may produce.

Firms import raw materials (and often the final product) from foreign countries. The cost of these imports varies with the exchange rate. When the exchange value of PLN rises, the domestic price of imported inputs will fall and the domestic supply of the final commodity will increase. A decline in the exchange value of the PLN raises the price of imported inputs and reduce the supply of domestic products that rely on these inputs.

If the price exceeds the equilibrium price, a surplus occurs:

If the price is below the equilibrium a shortage occurs:

Price ceiling - legally mandated maximum price Purpose: to keep price below the market equilibrium price to protect the poor consumers – they can buy products at lower prices than at the free market Examples: rent controls price controls during wartime price controls during socialism time Binding and non-binding price ceiling

The demand exceeds the supply Long queues in shops Black market grows Rationing of goods – ration coupons Double currencies system Domestic currency loses its value – inflation

No innovations Mass production The quality of goods falls Standstill of economy development Vertical price control Horizontal price control

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price floor - legally mandated minimum price designed to maintain a price above the equilibrium level A price floor must be set above the free- market equilibrium price, otherwise it has no effect examples: agricultural price supports minimum wage laws

The supply exceeds the demand What to do with production surplus? To Export – no countries want to buy Intervention purchase – for taxpayers money To store – for taxpayers money To destroy – for taxpayers money Producers who cant sell by means of intervention purchase must sell at the black market (illegally) Problems with abolishing of the price floor – huge reserves The quality of goods goes down

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Examples of floor prices Examples of ceiling prices

Czarny B. Podstawy Ekonomii Begg D., Economics