How do water and carbon cycles operate in contrasting locations? Key idea: It is possible to identify the physical and human factors that affect the water and carbon cycles in a tropical rainforest Case study: The Amazon Rainforest

Starter: Name the countries that contain parts of the Amazon Rainforest (There are 7)

The rainforest water cycle Describe the climate of the Amazon Rainforest. How does it vary during the year?

The rainforest water cycle Why is the rainforest climate so hot?

Why is it hot in the Tropical Rainforest?

Why is it hot in the Tropical Rainforest?

The rainforest water cycle Why is the rainforest climate so wet?

At the equator… What will happen to the air at the equator? If the hot air is rising, will this make the pressure of the air on the ground higher or lower? This is called low pressure. What type of weather does rising air bring? As it rises, it cools, condenses forming clouds and rain (convectional rainfall) It is hot and wet at the equator – and very low pressure!!! It makes you feel low and depressed as it is usually wet and windy.

The rainforest water cycle How do the following help the climate to be wet? Vegetation Evapotranspiration Atmosphere Run-off https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4jI_AgdSI From 8.10 to 11.17

The rainforest water cycle How can water be lost from the Amazon Rainforest? Where is the water gained?

The rainforest water cycle Describe the main patterns of temperature and rainfall at Manaus. Using the evidence in Figure 4.12, explain how the pattern of temperature and rainfall is typical of an equatorial location. Describe the rate of flows and distinct stores of the water cycle in the Amazon. Table 4.7. How is water gained and lost in the Amazon Basin? (Figure 4.13) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA Not sure to use?????

Plenary Why are trees so important to the water cycle of the Amazon? Which came first, the rain or the rainforest? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3OWgb0Bv-A

Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Physical factors affecting the flows and stores in the water cycle, including temperature, rock permeability and porosity and relief.

Starter: How do the following physical factors have an impact on the water cycle of the Amazon Rainforest? Geology Relief (slopes) Temperature

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Geology

Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Geology

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Relief

Panatanal wetland region Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Relief Panatanal wetland region

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Temperature

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Temperature

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Physical factors How do the following physical factors impact on the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest? Geology Relief Temperature You will need to do your OWN research to cover this in enough detail.

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle How can humans impact dramatically on the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle?

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle How can humans impact dramatically on the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle?

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle How can humans impact dramatically on the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle?

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_R4Sp_-Kfg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rQmG-koEPI

Medeira Drainage Basin Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Medeira Drainage Basin

Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle 2) How much of the Amazon Rainforest has been deforested? Madeira Basin 3) What impact has this had on the flows and stores of the Madeira Basin in the Amazon. Make sure you include all the factors from transpiration, precipitation, run-off etc. Figures are needed. 4) What impact has this had on the human population?

Plenary Rainforest is the climatic climax vegetation of this region of the world. As a result, it will always return to rainforest regardless of human action.

The carbon cycle in the Amazon. Physical and Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Physical factors and human factors affecting the flows and stores in the carbon cycle.

Starter: The Net Primary Productivity of the Amazon is very high. What is Net Primary Productivity? NPP is the energy fixed in photosynthesis minus energy lost by respiration.

How does the NPP compare with other biomes? Starter: How does the NPP compare with other biomes? Put the following selection from highest to lowest and suggest reasons for the ranking. Biome Tropical Rainforest Savanna Tundra and Alpine Temperate coniferous forest Desert Temperate deciduous forest Mean NPP g/m2/yr : 2200 900 140 1300 90 1200 Why is it so high in the tropical rainforests?

Starter: What does the term biomass mean? The total mass of plant and animal life occurring in an ecosystem. Where is most of the biomass in a tropical rainforest, above or below ground? Therefore where is most of the carbon stored?

What is this showing you? Where are most of the nutrients going to be stored in the tropical rainforest?

Nutrient Cycle for the Tropical Rainforest Why is the store for leaf litter and soil so small in the rainforest? How can such a small amount of nutrients in the soil and leaf litter support the highest NPP and biomass of all terrestrial biomes? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sH4jI_AgdSI 11.13 to 15.00

The carbon cycle in the Amazon. Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest carbon cycle Stores 1) How much carbon is stored in the rainforest? 2) How much carbon is stored per hectare in: Large forest tree above ground. Tree roots Soils What is the total percentage stored above ground? 3) Why is the carbon store so much higher above ground compared to below? 4) What is the rock structure of the Amazon and how does this impact on the carbon store? Important When answering these questions you MUST be clear in your answers how the carbon stores and flows are affected by: Temperature Vegetation Organic matter in the soil

The carbon cycle in the Amazon. Physical factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest carbon cycle Flows 5a) What is the NPP of the rainforest and why is it so high? b) Why does the rainforest have such a high NPP considering the soils are so poor? 6) Why are the flows of carbon between the stores in the atmosphere, biosphere and soil so rapid in the Amazon? Explain fully? 7) How much carbon is absorbed in the rainforest and released per year? 8) Why is the figure so high for both? Important When answering these questions you MUST be clear in your answers how the carbon stores and flows are affected by: Temperature Vegetation Organic matter in the soil

Which biome is therefore more fragile Plenary How are the nutrient stores different between the TRF and the temperate deciduous forest? Why is this? Which biome is therefore more fragile

The carbon cycle in the Amazon. Human factors affecting the stores and flows of the Amazon Rainforest water cycle Physical factors and human factors affecting the flows and stores in the carbon cycle.

What will happen to the soil? Starter: Why is deforestation such a concern regarding the carbon cycle in the rainforest? What will happen to the litter and nutrient stores of the rainforest after deforestation? What will happen to the soil? Why is this a problem? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-wju2_1lqI

Human factors affecting stores and flows of carbon 1) What is the impact on the above ground biomass carbon store caused by deforestation? 2) How does the biomass store compare to other land uses that takes its place? 3) What impact does this have on the carbon store and flow below ground? 4) What are the impacts of deforestation on the nutrient store of the soil? 5) What is the overall impact on the carbon cycle regarding absorption and production.

Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hllU9NEcJyg Why has deforestation only been a major problem in the past 50 years? Why wasn’t it a problem when the indigenous people cut down parts of the forest? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b-Pxxn-BgA 3.14 to 6.28

Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest What strategies can be put in place to manage the tropical rainforest that have a positive impact on the water and the carbon cycle?

Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest What strategies can be put in place to manage the tropical rainforest that have a positive impact on the water and the carbon cycle? Protect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jOM9Lj8-C0 from 1.42 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtJOCQishp8 Reforestation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpHeY81YUME https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOpWu9s3S_g https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OzB-WBuwgk

Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest What strategies can be put in place to manage the tropical rainforest that have a positive impact on the water and the carbon cycle? Improved Agriculture techniques https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uK2T7YqLIkc

Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest 1) What are the 3 main strategies being employed in the Amazon Rainforest? 2) For each of the strategies complete the following: Describe how the scheme works with examples. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme for the rainforest, government and its impact on the carbon and water cycle.

Plenary 3) Which schemes do you think will have the most positive impact on the water an carbon cycle and why?

HW :Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest 1) What are the 3 main strategies being employed in the Amazon Rainforest? 2) For each of the strategies complete the following: Describe how the scheme works with examples. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme for the rainforest, government and its impact on the carbon and water cycle. 3) Which schemes do you think will have the most positive impact on the water an carbon cycle and why? Use textbook and own research and following websites www.un-red.org and www.carbonplanet.com

Strategies to maintain the Tropical Rainforest Read the information on the Tambopata National Park. Where is it located? What are its features? Why is it under threat? What protection is being tried? Evaluate the effectiveness of this approach. Watch this documentary about the protection of Borneo’s forest. Contrast it to the approach taken in Peru. Which do you think will be more effective?