Role and Environment of Managerial Finance-part 2 Chapter 1 Role and Environment of Managerial Finance-part 2

Sources of funds for firms Firms obtain funds from external sources in three ways- 1. Financial Institutions 2. Financial Markets 3.Private Placement

Financial institutions Financial institutions are intermediaries that channel the savings of individuals, businesses, and governments into loans or investments. The key suppliers and demanders of funds to financial institutions are individuals, businesses, and governments.

Financial Markets Financial markets provide a forum in which suppliers of funds and demanders of funds can transact business directly. There are TWO Financial Markets.(based on type of securities/financial instruments traded.) 1. Money Market. 2. Capital Market. Money Market-Market for short term securities. Capital Market-Market for long term securities

Based on type of issue of securities there are two types of Financial Markets. 1.Primary Market. 2.Secondary Market. Primary market- Financial market in which securities are initially(first time ) issued. Secondary market- Financial market in which pre-owned securities (those that are not new issues) are traded.

Money Market Money Market is a financial relationship created between suppliers and demanders of short term funds.(funds with maturities of 1year and less). Most money market transactions are made in marketable securities . Marketable securities – Short term Debt instruments. examples: Treasury bills , Commercial paper and certificate of deposits issued by government ,business and financial institutions.

Capital Market The capital market is a market that enables suppliers and demanders of long-term funds to make transactions. Capital market transactions are made in capital market securities . Capital Market securities includes Bonds(long term bonds) and Equity (common stock and preferred stock). Bonds are long-term debt instruments used by businesses and government to raise large sums of money or capital.

Common stock are units of ownership interest . Preferred stock: A special form of ownership having a fixed periodic dividend that must be paid prior to payment of any dividends to common stock holders. Securities exchanges- Organizations that provide the market place in which firms can raise funds through the sale of new securities and purchasers can resell securities.

Chapter 1-part 3 Business Taxes

Two types of income for all business- 1.Ordinary gain 2.Capital gain Ordinary income-income gained through the sale of goods and services. Capital gain-amount by which the sale price of an asset exceeds the initial purchase price.

Companies earning income and capital gains are liable to corporate income tax, which is levied at progressive rates.

Tax deductible expenses-In calculating their taxes, corporations are allowed to deduct operating expenses and interest expenses. Tax deductibility of these expenses reduces the after tax cost