The student is expected to: 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules and 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed. ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. phosphate removed

Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. not stored in large amounts up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule triphosphate adenosine diphosphate tri=3 di=2

Fats store the most energy. 80 percent of the energy in your body about 146 ATP from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. amino acids not usually needed for energy about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight. In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules. similar to photosynthesis uses chemical energy instead of light energy

KEY CONCEPT The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

Photosynthetic organisms are producers. Producers make their own source of chemical energy. Plants use photosynthesis and are producers. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy. chloroplast leaf cell leaf In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.

Photosynthesis in plants occurs in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts. grana (thylakoids) stroma chloroplast stroma grana (thylakoids)

The light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight. take place in thylakoids water and sunlight are needed chlorophyll absorbs energy energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions oxygen is released

The light-independent reactions make sugars. take place in stroma needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions

The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 granum (stack of thylakoids) thylakoid sunlight 1 six-carbon sugar 6H2O 6CO2 6O2 chloroplast 1 2 4 3 energy stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

KEY CONCEPT Photosynthesis requires a series of chemical reactions.

The first stage of photosynthesis captures and transfers energy. The light-dependent reactions include groups of molecules called photosystems.

Photosystem II captures and transfers energy. 1. chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight & energized electrons enter electron transport chain 2. water molecules are split; oxygen is released as waste 3. hydrogen ions are transported across thylakoid membrane

Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-carrying molecules. 4. chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight 5. energized electrons are used to make NADPH; NADPH is transferred to light-independent reactions 6. Hydrogen ions diffuse through a protein channel 7. ADP is changed to ATP (ATP Synthesis Protein Channel)

The second stage of photosynthesis uses energy from the first stage to make sugars. Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use CO2 molecules.

A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. 1. carbon dioxide molecules enter the Calvin cycle 2. energy is added and carbon molecules are rearranged 3. a high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle

A molecule of glucose is formed as it stores some of the energy captured from sunlight. 4. two three-carbon molecules bond to form a sugar remaining molecules stay in the cycle