Topic 23 – PART 1 An American Empire Unit #7 Topic 23 – PART 1 An American Empire

APUSH PowerPoint #7.2 (Part 1 of 5) Unit #7 Chapter 20 BFW Textbook (eBook) – “An Emerging World Power” (1890—1918) TOPIC – American Imperialism [1890-1910]

I. Toward the New Imperialism

Section I Toward the New Imperialism Main Idea: Economic and cultural factors convince the United States to join the competition for new markets in territories overseas, including Hawaii.

A. Imperialism In a Global Context Policy in which stronger nations extend their control over weaker territories through colonization. U.S.S. Maine

A. Imperialism In a Global Context (Cont’d . . .) Economic Sources Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and the Netherlands all competed for raw materials, influence, and new markets created by the Second Industrial Revolution. Europeans in Asia & Africa Imperial expansion spread into Asia and Africa which set in motion clashes between European powers.

A. Imperialism In a Global Context (Cont’d . . .) Global Competition European nations spread their influence throughout the world. By the late 19th century, the United States joined these colonial nations. European Colonial Powers in Africa (1913)

B. American Imperialism Factors for United States Imperialism Desire for military strength Thirst for new markets Cultural superiority

B. American Imperialism (Cont’d . . .) Expansionist Ideals A small, but influential group of public officials embraced the idea of overseas possessions and included Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, Theodore Roosevelt (Assistant Secretary of the Navy), and Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan.

B. American Imperialism (cont’d . . .) Alfred T. Mahan United States admiral who wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890). The premise was that a nation which controlled the world’s oceans could control trade and become a powerful player on the world stage. Alfred T. Mahan

C. Imperialist Theories Anglo-Saxon Superiority Social Darwinism was used to justify economic exploitation and territorial conquest. John Fiske (a historian) authored American Political Ideas Viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History (1885)

C. Imperialist Theories (Cont’d . . .) Christian Mission Religion also had an impact on imperial ideology. Josiah Strong (a Congregationalist minister) authored Our Country: Its Possible Future & Its present Crisis (1885) which asserted that the “Anglo-Saxon” embodied civil liberty and “a pure spiritual Christianity” to be “his brother’s keeper.”

II. Expansion In the Pacific

A. Seward’s Folly William Seward Secretary of States under Lincoln and Johnson. Arranged to purchase Alaska (1867) from Russia for $7.2 million. Alaska was nicknamed, “Seward’s Folly” because it was thought to be a wasteland. William Seward

B. Involvement in Samoa American-Samoan Treaty In 1878, the United States signed a treaty with Samoa which extended a naval base at Pago Pago. A peace conference in Berlin eventually established a tripartite protectorate over Samoa with Germany, Britain, and the United States in 1889.

C. Relations with Hawaii Queen Liliuokalani The Hawaiian monarchy established a united kingdom in 1795 and eventually signed a trade agreement in 1875. American settlers formed an economic elite as Asians became the most numerous group in Hawaii and forced the monarchy to accept a constitution. In 1890, the McKinley Tariff destroyed the sugar trade on the islands creating turmoil.

C. Relations with Hawaii (Cont’d . . .) Queen Liliuokalani Monarch of Hawaii (1891-1897) who opposed American influence on the island. In 1894, she attempted to depose a revolt supported by the provisional government. In the decades following annexation, she fought for the rights of Hawaiians. Queen Liliuokalani

C. Relations with Hawaii (Cont’d . . .) Queen Liliuokalani Marines seized control of the island and a new treaty called for Hawaii to be annexed. The annexation was opposed by newly-elected Grover Cleveland the Democrats in the Senate. On July 4, 1894, a new provisional government proclaimed the islands a republic.

C. Relations with Hawaii (Cont’d . . .) Sanford Dole President of the Republic of Hawaii (1897-1898). Refused to formally allow Hawaiians to vote to become annexed by the United States. Sanford Dole

C. Relations with Hawaii (Cont’d . . .) Hawaii Annexed (1898) Hawaiian annexation was supported by President McKinley – Quoted, “We need Hawaii . . . It is manifest destiny.” McKinley sent warships and marines to Hawaii and acquired the island with a joint resolution of Congress. William McKinley

C. Relations with Hawaii (Cont’d . . .) Official Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Manifest Destiny Extends into the Pacific