Fate and Plasticity of the Epidermis in Response to Congenital Activation of BRAF Suguna R. Krishnaswami, Shantanu Kumar, Phillip Ordoukhanian, Benjamin.

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Fate and Plasticity of the Epidermis in Response to Congenital Activation of BRAF Suguna R. Krishnaswami, Shantanu Kumar, Phillip Ordoukhanian, Benjamin D. Yu Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 135, Issue 2, Pages 481-489 (February 2015) DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.388 Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Phenotype of K14-cre; BrafV600E neonatal and perinatal mice. (a) Appearance of normal neonatal (upper row) and K14-cre; BrafV600E (bottom row) littermates. The K14-cre; BrafV600E skin appeared flaky and fissured overlying areas of translucent skin. (b) Cleft palate defects in K14-cre; BrafV600E whole mount preparations were counterstained with toluidine blue. (c) Histologic and immunofluorescent analysis of K14-cre; BrafV600E (BrafV600E) neonatal skin. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections demonstrate thickened epidermis, separation of individual cells, and severe reduction in cytoplasmic keratohyalin granules. Immunofluorescent staining for K10, BrdU, loricrin (LOR), filaggrin (FLG), and K6 is shown for perinatal wild-type littermate and K14-cre; BrafV600E E18.5-P0 mouse skin. Note the absence of K10-positive-spinous keratinocytes and LOR/FLG-positive granular keratinocytes in the K14-cre; BrafV600E mouse skin. K6, a marker for hyperproliferative skin, is increased in the K14-cre; BrafV600E mouse skin. Scale bars=20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 481-489DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.388) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 RNA sequencing identifies the fate of epidermis in BrafV600E mutant mice and persistence of EDC gene expression. (a) Functional classification of genes differentially expressed in E17.5 K14-cre; BrafV600E epidermis demonstrating number of genes and statistical significance of their association. (b) Read coverage of wild type vs. K14-cre; BrafV600E transcripts across the mouse Krt14 and Krt10 loci. (c) Intermediate and late differentiation genes clustered in the EDC locus and close proximity of closely related paralogs. (d) Volcano plots of relative expression of all EDC group genes from pooled wild type vs. K14-cre; BrafV600E embryos. Specific groups of EDC genes, LCE-like (green), SPRR-like (red), and S100 family genes (blue), are colored and shown as balloons in respective cluster III, IV, and V. The levels of gene expression in RNA-seq are estimated from (b) and have associated log2 q-values or false discovery rates (vertical axis) for this estimate. Note: this q-value does not reflect sample variance, as specimens have been pooled. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 481-489DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.388) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Expression of intermediate and late stage epidermal differentiation genes in K14-cre; BrafV600E mice. (a) Differentiation markers used to identify basal (SB), spinous (SS), granular (SG), and cornified envelope (SC) keratinocytes. (b) Real-time PCR for gene expression at E17.5 skin reveals loss of spinous and granular differentiation markers in K14-cre; BrafV600E embryos and the presence of late differentiation markers (Lce3b, Lce3c, Sprr2i, S100a1, and S100a10). Error bars represent SD of four animals of each genotype. (c) E17.5 in situ hybridization of basal K5/K14, spinous K1/K10, granular Lor/Flg, involucrin, and cornified envelope Lce3b keratinocyte gene expression. These studies show the loss of spinous and granular keratinocyte gene expression and pattern of involucrin and cornified envelope genes in upper layers. Supplementary Figure S3 online further localizes gene expression by tyramide signal amplification. Scale bars=20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 481-489DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.388) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Rescue of spinous and granular keratinocyte expression by pharmacologic inhibition of BRAF or MEK. Wild type and K14-cre; BrafV600E explants were treated with PLX4720, U0126, or vehicle for 24 hours. (a) Real-time qPCR of Dusp6, a transcriptional target of RAS/MAPK signaling, and differentiation markers (Krt1, Krt10, and Lor) in E17.5 skin after treatment with varying doses of PLX4720. (b) Real-time PCR of Dusp6, Krt1, Krt10, and Lor gene expression in wild type and K14-cre; BrafV600E skin explants with U0126. (c, d) Immunostaining of (c) K10 and K14 or (d) LOR and K14 prior to culture and after culture in vehicle, 100 μM PLX4720, or U0126. Error bars represent SD of a minimum of three samples for each condition. Scale bars=20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 481-489DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.388) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Fate of pulse-labeled basal keratinocytes in wild-type and BrafV600E explants. To determine the origin of spinous and granular layer revertants in wild-type and BrafV600E explants, proliferating basal keratinocytes were labeled in utero with BrdU, and after embryo harvest and explant culture for 24 hours in the presence of vehicle or PLX4720, BrdU was localized. (a) Double staining for K10 and pulse-chase BrdU demonstrates the labeling at time 0 hours and retention in post-mitotic cells 24 hours after vehicle vs. PLX4720 treatment. (b) Double staining for loricrin and pulse-chase BrdU demonstrates lack of BrdU-labeled cells in loricrin-positive cells. In all panels, dotted lines indicate epidermal junction with the dermis. Scale bars=20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 481-489DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.388) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Reversion of BrafV600E explants is not cell autonomous, requiring a dermal signal. (a) Schematic of preparation of explants, epidermis-only vs. epidermis with the dermis reattached. (b) Spinous K10 expression in epidermis-only explants vs. epidermis reattached to the dermis from wild type and K14-cre; BrafV600E E17.5 embryos treated with BRAF inhibitor, PLX4720. Right panels demonstrate single channel of K10 expression. (c) Granular LOR expression was examined in wild-type and BrafV600E epidermis, demonstrating the requirement for dermal reattachment for proper reactivation of LOR protein expression. Right panels demonstrate single channel of LOR expression. Scale bar=20 μm. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2015 135, 481-489DOI: (10.1038/jid.2014.388) Copyright © 2015 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions