Developmental Plasticity and Symbiosis Environment is not as bad as we thought Reaction Norm vs. Polyphenism Environmental regulation of phenotypes Learning

Nature vs Nurture?

Plasticity Phenotypic Developmental

Reaction Norm

Polyphenism

Dung Beetles and Ants: Diet-induced polyphenisms Queen Ant vs Worker Ant Horned male Dung Beetles: Protector of the Female.

Diet and Gene regulation DNA methylation viable-yellow of Agouti- transposon in cis-regulatory element.

Predator-induced Polyphenisms Kairomones

Predator-induced Polyphenisms: Amphibians More muscle mass in tail. Kairomones can make the tadpole more sensitive to environmental insults: fertilizers et al. Figure 17.6

Good Vibrations Fig. 17.7 Geronimo Try to find good model for this

Temperature and Sex

Temperature and Butterfly wings

Environment, Anxiety, and DNA methylation

Learning No division New Neurons Changing connections

Nervous system: Plasticity and Learning

Experience and vision Hubel and Wiesel (1960s) Right eye occluded for 3 months Occurs within 4 to 6 weeks of birth

Life cycle and Polyphenisms Diapause Larval Settlement

Spadefoot Toad

Symbiosis Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism

Developmental Symbiosis: passing on the help Vertical transmission Horizontal transmission Wolbachia infection

Shedding light on symbiosis Euprymna-Vibrio Light organ development and luminescence

Obligate mutualism Filariasis worm and Wolbachia Spotted Salamander and Oophilia amblystomatis

Symbiosis in mammalian intestine