Ecology! The easy stuff 

Populations Population: all individuals of 1 species in area Population size : number of individuals Population density : number per area Population distribution : dispersal pattern

Distribution patterns 1) Clumped: most common, a) group around resources b) social behavior c) lack of offspring dispersal 2) Uniform (or close enough) a) territory division 3) Random – rare a) uniform resources b) ignore each other

Population Size Estimates 1) full count 2) Quadrats 3) Transects 4) Mark-recapture m-r good for organisms that move around a lot

Mark-recapture Based on assumption: % marked on day 2 same as the % of the total population that is marked Steps: day 1 capture organisms & mark them day 2 capture organisms & see what % are marked calculation day 2 marked = day 1 marked day 2 total total population

Population Growth Positive growth …….. birth & immigration Negative growth …… death & emigration Migration : periodic change w/ seasons Zero population growth (ZPG) : deaths = births Per capita = per individual Net reproduction = births - deaths

Rapid Population Growth Exponential growth : population grows at a rate proportional to its size a) ideal conditions allow max growth rate Biotic potential : max growth rate for a population Doubling time: time for pop to double size

Logistic Population Growth Exponential Growth slowed by 1) Density dependent limiting factors predation, parasites, disease limited resources, competition 2) Density independent limiting factors weather, natural disasters, humans

Carrying capacity = Max # individuals an area can support indefinitely (D) Steady state #2 on graph Life history patterns: adaptations that influence survival, reproduction & population size

Life History Patterns r-selected a) favor low pop density (d independent) b) quick production of many small babies c) high biotic potential so called r-selected K-selected a) favor high pop density (d dependent) b) good competitors c) low biotic potential & parental care

Life History Strategies

Different Life Histories = Different Survivorship Curves Type I : live long & prosper (parental care) k-selected Type II : could die at any time… good luck Type III : high infant mortality r-selected

Human Population growth Homo habilus – 1 billion……2.5 my growth to 2 billion…………..123 years Growth to 3 billion …………. 33 years Growth to 4, 5, 6 ………….. 14, 13, 12

Fertility Rates and $$$$$$$ Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – average # children born per woman World wide TFR = 6.5 Replacement = 2.1 TFR in developed countries = at or below 2.1 TFR in developing countries = highest

Demographic Transition Model

Age Structure Diagrams 3 categories of individuals: -pre-reproductive (base of diagram) -reproductive (center of diagram) -post-reproductive (top of diagram) Fast growth = wide pyramid shape Slow growth = narrow pyramid shape ZPG = straight at bottom, narrow pyramid at top Negative growth = bottom & top more narrow than center