Superiority of Using Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy for Internal Mammary Artery Harvesting Thomas A. Vassiliades, MD, Ned Cosgriff, MD, Amy Denham, BSEE, Jessica Olson, MSME, Donald H. Maul, DVM The Annals of Thoracic Surgery Volume 83, Issue 4, Pages 1508-1512 (April 2007) DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.014 Copyright © 2007 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 1 Burst pressure (mm Hg) of porcine internal mammary artery side branches (n = 163). Columns represent the mean ± standard error of the mean. (p < 0.05 compared with bipolar electrosurgery; *p < 0.01 compared with monopolar radiofrequency electrosurgery and ultrasonic electrosurgery; **p < 0.001 compared with monopolar radiofrequency electrosurgery and ultrasonic coagulation.) ■ = monopolar; = bipolar; = ultrasonic; □ = clips. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2007 83, 1508-1512DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.014) Copyright © 2007 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 2 The concentration-relaxation curves to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) of the rings that contracted to phenylephrine. (**p < 0.05 vs monopolar, clips, ultrasonic, control [denuded].) = monopolar radiofrequency (n = 23); = clips (n = 24); = bipolar radiofrequency (n = 19); = ultrasonic (n = 23); = control (intact) (n = 16); = control (denuded) (n = 8). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2007 83, 1508-1512DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.014) Copyright © 2007 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 3 Representative scanning electron micrographs of porcine internal mammary artery harvested as (A) control (grade 0) and (B) monopolar radiofrequency (RF) electrosurgery (grade 3). The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2007 83, 1508-1512DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.014) Copyright © 2007 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions
Fig 4 Distribution of standard error of the mean (SEM) grades for treatment groups (high, mean, low; control, intact = 0.0; control, denuded = 4.0). (BP = bipolar; CL = clips; MP = monopolar; US = ultrasonic.) The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2007 83, 1508-1512DOI: (10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.08.014) Copyright © 2007 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions