Understanding Earth Seventh Edition Chapter 15 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY UNDERSTANDING EARTH 7E| GROTZINGER | JORDAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN AND COMPANY

Properties of Weather or Climate? 15.1 Isa this climate or weather PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY UNDERSTANDING EARTH 7E| GROTZINGER | JORDAN

Solar Forcing 78 % N 21 % O2 http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/world-maps/world-precipitable-water.html PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

CHAPTER 15: FIGURE 15.2 Sound is trapped in the atmosphere and so explosions can be monitoried. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

“The Day After Tomorrow Effect” 15.3 Conveyor Belt model – hot water to cold water, less saline water to more saline water ( no rivers): HEAT and SALINITY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Cryosphere15.3 California relies on snow to drink! 60-70 % During the last icea age AL was 130 lower

Biological impacts on climate Biomass can affect climate change but on a smaller scale Trees take in CO2 land reflects data Shells trap CO2 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Where do we get our heat?15.3

Greenhouse gases keep the atmosphere livable Greenhouse gases are necessary: Moon can get 170 degrees C or 1760 degrees cold PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Climate Models GCM- yes, we can only predict climate change through computer models and they are only as good as they assumptions we make. However, I do not think anyone is trying to intentionally mislead people. During some hurricanes the Europeans can make better predictions than us PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

EL Nino/ La Nina PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

EL Nino/ La Nina PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Louisiana Hurricanes PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Last Glacial Maximum- 20,000 ya Abother one occurred that covered the whole earth about 650 Ma- Huyiming bao was able to prove it with the chemistry of the sediments after the ice melted. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Ice Volumes Sampled by Vostok ice core in Antarctica as well

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Milankovitch Cycles PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Orbital Forcing PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Milankovitch Cycles PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Milankovitch Cycles

Milankovitch Cycles

Global Acidification Co2 ahs the net effect of reducing carbonate availabilti PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

CHAPTER 15: FIGURE 15.20 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY UNDERSTANDING EARTH 7E| GROTZINGER | JORDAN

Correlations PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Correlations It is not that the ice was not going to melt, but that perhaps it is doing so at a faster rate than we expected. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY

Cazenave et al. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: QUANTA, MATTER, AND CHANGE 2E| PETER ATKINS| JULIO DE PAULA | RONALD FRIEDMAN ©2014 W. H. FREEMAN D COMPANY