Movement Across Cell Membranes http://www.biologymad.com/resources/DiffusionRevision.pdf http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/membranefunction.htm

Selectively Permeable Membrane

Types of Movement Passive Transport Active Transport Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport

Diffusion The tendency of particles to move from an area of [high] to an area of [lower].

Diffusion Occurs via passive transport. Energy is not required. Particles move along [gradient]. Particles reach a dynamic equilibrium.

Simple Diffusion Diffusion of molecules across the membrane: Small, lipid-soluble molecules. Oxygen. Carbon dioxide.

Facilitated Diffusion Channel proteins form pores that allow specific ions to pass. Channel proteins form permanent pores. They can have specific diameters and charges that allow only particular ions to pass through.

Facilitated Diffusion Carrier proteins allow specific molecules to pass based on size, shape and charge. e.g., Amino acids, sugars and small proteins.

Osmosis The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. From an area of high [water] to an area of lower [water].

Types of Solutions One solution is always compared to the other solution. The solution that loses water is hypotonic. The solution that gains water is hypertonic. The solutions are isotonic when there is no net movement of water. e.g., If a cell shrinks… The inside is hypotonic relative to the outside. The outside is hypertonic relative to the inside.

Types of Solutions

Active Transport Energy is required. Particles move against [gradient]. Movement requires specific carrier proteins.

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

HW Pg 86 #1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10 Pg 97 # 1, 2, 4, 9

TREATING CANCEROUS CELLS HIV/AIDS HEPATITIS C

What is cancer? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEpTTolebqo

Cancer Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth7 Damage or change of genetic material of cells by external or internal factors7 Cells do not die but continue to multiple until a concentration of cancer cells develop7

Treating Cancerous Cells Four standard treatments: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and biologic therapy6 Oncologist (cancer specialist) will recommend best treatment based general health, age, severity, type of cancer, etc…

Surgery: remove tumour or cancerous tissue6 Chemotherapy: usage of drugs to eliminate rapidly multiplying cells throughout the entire body (including hair follicle cells)6 Radiation Therapy: Certain forms of energy used to shrink tumours and eliminate cancer cells by damaging cancer cells DNA, withholding it from multiplying6 Biologic Therapy: Drugs use to target cancer cells. Varied methods include blocking biological processes of tumours that allow tumours to grow or cut off blood supply to the tumour killing it by means of starvation6

What is HIV/AIDS?

HIV & AIDS HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) HIV virus’ usually zeros in on “T” cells (the brains behind specialized cells that fight off invading germs)8 Virus uses newly obtained cells to multiply HIV has four stages4 Weakens immune system Eventually leads to and causes AIDS

Treating HIV/AIDS No cure2 Most common treatment known as antiretroviral treatment5 Drug taken daily to hold off HIV at a low level4 Stops weakening of immune system Allows body to recover from any damage HIV may have caused Prolongs life from illness

Treating HIV/AIDS Combination therapy Taking two or more antiretroviral pills Reduces rate at which HIV can become resistant8 Further prolongs life from illness

What is Hepatitis C? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6osMO5xnag

Hepatitis C Single strand of RNA virus enclosed in a fatty cell9 Affects the liver 6 types of hepatitis C (genotype 1, genotype 2, etc...) Estimated 242,500 people are infected with the virus1

Contracting Hep - C Through blood-to-blood contact3 Sharing shaving kits, needles3 Contaminated ice cubes Sexual intercourse3 Vertical transmission (born with it)9 Breastfeeding3

Hep – C: what it does Destroy liver1 Liver Cancer, or cirrhosis1 Enzymes will not be as effective in their jobs Slow chemical reactions which occur in the liver

Treatment of Hep-C No cure – go into recession Medication (injections and pill) Interferon Alpha - injection Ribavirin - pill 24 or 48 weeks Kills RNA virus, once virus is destroyed, cells repair1 Never fully cured, more medication

Non-Medical Treatment Dealing with depression Drinking

Liver Enzymes “ aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT). Together they are known as transaminases. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) – are known as cholestatic liver enzymes.” "Liver Enzymes." Liver Enzymes. Web. 09 Sept. 2010. <http://liverenzymes.net/>.