Thermochemistry Thermochemistry the study of the energy changes that accompany physical or chemical changes in matter. Changes may be classified as physical, chemical, or nuclear Examples: Ice melting Iron rusting An isotope used in medical therapy undergoes radioactive decay

Heat energy and Changes When discussing the transfer of heat energy, it is important to distinguish between the substances undergoing a change (chemical systems) and the system’s environment (surroundings) Chemical System: A set of reactants and products under study, usually represented by a chemical equation Surroundings: All matter around the system that is capable of absorbing or releasing thermal energy.

Heat and Energy Changes The above is an equation for burning ethyne The surroundings in this reaction would include anything that could absorb the thermal energy that has been released When the reaction occurs, heat energy (q) is transferred between substances ie. metal parts, the air, and the welder’s protective clothing When heat transfers between a system and its surroundings, measurements of the temperature of the surroundings are used to classify the change as exothermic or endothermic

Heat &Temperature Heat energy (q): measure of the total kinetic energy in an object (and so depends on how large the object is, or how much of it there is) The amount of energy transferred between substances it is represented by the symbol q with units of Joules (J) Temperature: Measure of the Average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter measured most often in (oC, K)

Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions Exothermic reaction Releasing thermal energy as heat flows out of the system Kinetic energy of the surrounding molecules increases  temperature increases Endothermic reaction Absorbing thermal energy as heat flows into the system Kinetic energy of the surrounding molecules decreases  temperature decreases

Endothermic reactions Endothermic reactions absorb thermal energy, and so cause a decrease in temperature Examples: Both examples above are endothermic since heat flows into the system in order for the reaction to occur

Exothermic reactions Exothermic reactions release heat energy to their surroundings They cause the temperature of the surrounding to increase Examples Combustion Neutralization Reactions of metals with water

Exothermic Reactions This combustion reaction is exothermic because heat flows into the surroundings Notice the heat energy is being produced by the reaction, & transferred to the surroundings Once heat is transferred to the surroundings, it is used to increase the thermal energy of the molecules in the surroundings Molecules in the surroundings have greater kinetic energy, the temperature of the surroundings will increase.

Calorimetry Calorimetry: the study of heat flow and heat measurement A calorimeter is a device used to make this measurement Calorimetry experiments determine heats of reaction (enthalpy changes, or H) by measuring temperature changes produced in a calorimeter bomb calorimeter used to find heat of combustion. The “bomb” contains oxygen and a sample of the material burned Styrofoam cup calorimeter

Measuring Energy Changes The amount of heat energy given by a substance will depend on: Mass (in grams) Temperature Change (T) Type of Substance These factors can be combined into an equation to represent the quantity of heat (q) transferred…

The Quantity of Heat energy q = quantity of heat energy transferred m = mass (g) T = Temperature change c = the specific heat capacity

Important Properties: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity = q mc D T? How did we arrive at Important Properties: Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity The thermal properties of a substance are those that describe its ability to absorb or release heat without changing chemically They include heat capacity and specific heat capacity.

Heat Capacity The heat capacity of an object is the amount of heat needed to raise its temperature by 1C Heat Capacity = Heat absorbed (1) T ex: The heat capacity of a cup of water at 18C is the # of joules of energy needed to raise its temperature to 19C

Ex. 1: Calculating Quantity of Heat What would the final temperature be if 250.0 J of heat were transferred into 10.0 g of methanol initially at 20 0C ?

Calculating Quantity of Heat Q2 When 600 mL of water in an electric kettle is heated from 20 0C to 85 0C to make a cup of tea, how much heat flows into the water? Q3 Calculate the heat absorbed by 250 ml of water to raise its temperature from 20.0 0C to 50.0 0C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/(g·0C) Q4 Iron metal has a specific heat capacity of 0.449 J/(g·0C). How much heat is transferred to a 5.0 g piece of iron, initially at 20.0 0C, when it is placed in a pot of boiling water? The final temperature of the metal is 100 0C.