mRNA Degradation and Translation Control Chapter 15 mRNA Degradation and Translation Control

Protein processing and degradation The initiation of translation of selected mRNAs can be blocked by regulatory proteins that bind to sequences or structures of the mRNA. Chromatin modification Transcription RNA processing mRNA degradation Translation Protein processing and degradation 2

Protein processing and degradation Translation of all mRNAs in a cell may be regulated simultaneously. Chromatin modification Transcription RNA processing mRNA degradation Translation For example, translation initiation factors are simultaneously activated in an egg following fertilization. Protein processing and degradation 3

Protein processing and degradation Chromatin modification Transcription RNA processing After translation, various types of protein processing, including cleavage and chemical modification, are subject to control. The length of time each protein functions in a cell is regulated by means of selective degradation. To mark a particular protein for destruction, the cell commonly attaches molecules of ubiquitin to the protein, which triggers its destruction. mRNA degradation Translation Protein processing and degradation 4

Start codon Stop codon Poly-A tail Chromatin modification Transcription RNA processing mRNA degradation Poly-A Signal The life span of mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm is important in determining the pattern of protein synthesis in a cell. Nucleotide sequences that influence the life span of mRNA in eukaryotes reside in the untranslated region (UTR) at the 3 end of the molecule. mRNA Coding segment 3 5 Cap UTR Start codon Stop codon Poly-A tail G P AAAAAA 5

Transcription Translation DNA mRNA Protein ncRNA Figure 14.UN01 Only a small fraction of DNA encodes proteins, and a very small fraction of the non-protein-coding DNA consists of genes for RNA such as rRNA and tRNA. A significant amount of the genome may be transcribed into noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Noncoding RNAs regulate gene expression at several points. ncRNA 6

miRNA- protein complex Micro RNA (miRNA) miRNA- protein complex The miRNA binds to a target mRNA. 1 Translation blocked mRNA degraded If bases are completely complementary, mRNA is degraded. If match is less than complete, translation is blocked. 2 mRNA degraded MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded RNA molecules that can bind to complementary mRNA sequences. These can degrade the mRNA or block its translation. 7

Uncontrolled Cell Division miRNA If the mRNA being degraded coded for a protein that promotes cell division in multicellular organism, what would happen if a mutation disabled the gene encoding the miRNA that triggers this degradation? The miRNA binds to a target mRNA. mRNA degraded Translation blocked Uncontrolled Cell Division 8

Another class of small RNAs are called small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The phenomenon of inhibition of gene expression by siRNAs is called RNA interference (RNAi). siRNAs and miRNAs are similar but form from different RNA precursors. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5udFjWDM3E 9

Artic Apples The apples were approved by the USDA in February 2015 and by the FDA in March 2015,becoming the first genetically modified apple approved for US sale.