An Aqueous Solution and Pure Water in a Closed Environment

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An Aqueous Solution and Pure Water in a Closed Environment Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Liquid/Vapor Equilibrium To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Vapor Pressure Lowering: Addition of a Solute To play movie you must be in Slide Show Mode PC Users: Please wait for content to load, then click to play Mac Users: CLICK HERE Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Vapor Pressures of Solutions Nonvolatile solute lowers the vapor pressure of a solvent. Raoult’s Law: Psoln = observed vapor pressure of solution solv = mole fraction of solvent = vapor pressure of pure solvent Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

A Solution Obeying Raoult’s Law Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Nonideal Solutions Liquid-liquid solutions where both components are volatile. Modified Raoult’s Law: Nonideal solutions behave ideally as the mole fractions approach 0 and 1. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Vapor Pressure for a Solution of Two Volatile Liquids Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Summary of the Behavior of Various Types of Solutions Interactive Forces Between Solute (A) and Solvent (B) Particles ΔHsoln ΔT for Solution Formation Deviation from Raoult’s Law Example A  A, B  B  A  B Zero None (ideal solution) Benzene-toluene A  A, B  B < A  B Negative (exothermic) Positive Negative Acetone-water A  A, B  B > A  B Positive (endothermic) Ethanol-hexane Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

Hexane (C6H14) and chloroform (CHCl3) Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and water CONCEPT CHECK! For each of the following solutions, would you expect it to be relatively ideal (with respect to Raoult’s Law), show a positive deviation, or show a negative deviation? Hexane (C6H14) and chloroform (CHCl3) Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and water Hexane (C6H14) and octane (C8H18) a) Positive deviation; Hexane is non-polar, chloroform is polar. b) Negative deviation; Both are polar, and the ethyl alcohol molecules can form stronger hydrogen bonding with the water molecules than it can with other alcohol molecules. c) Ideal; Both are non-polar with similar molar masses. Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved

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