Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. Epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Larynx Cartilage in external ear Cartilages in nose Cricoid cartilage Trachea Articular cartilage of a joint Lung Costal cartilage Cartilage in intervertebral disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic symphysis Bones of skeleton Axial skeleton Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint) Appendicular skeleton Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.6a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Submucosa Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Seromucous gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior Cross section of the trachea and esophagus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone Figure 6.3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.4a The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.4b The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). Articular cartilage Compact bone Spongy bone Endosteum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.4c The structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone Figure 6.3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.5b Comparison of different types of bone cells. Osteoblast Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.5c Comparison of different types of bone cells. Osteocyte Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.5d Comparison of different types of bone cells. Osteoclast Bone-resorbing cell © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.7 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. Spongy bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Nerve Vein Lamellae Artery Central canal Canaliculi Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Interstitial lamella Lacuna (with osteocyte) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.7b Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. Nerve Vein Lamellae Artery Central canal Canaliculi Lacunae Osteocyte in a lacuna © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.7c Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. Lamellae Central canal Lacunae Interstitial lamella Lacuna (with osteocyte) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone Figure 6.3 Flat bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.17 Fetal primary ossification centers at 12 weeks. Parietal bone Frontal bone of skull Occipital bone Mandible Clavicle Scapula Radius Ulna Humerus Femur Tibia Ribs Vertebra Ilium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. Week 9 Month 3 Birth Childhood to adolescence Articular cartilage Secondary ossification center Spongy bone Epiphyseal blood vessel Area of deteriorating cartilage matrix Epiphyseal plate cartilage Hyaline cartilage Spongy bone formation Medullary cavity Bone collar Blood vessel of periosteal bud Primary ossification center Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. 1 Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. 2 The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms. 3 The diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses. 4 The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. 5 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.8 Endochondral ossification in a long bone. (5 of 5) Childhood to adolescence Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal plate cartilage The epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilage remains only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages. 5 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. Figure 6.10 Growth in length of a long bone occurs at the epiphyseal plate. Resting zone 1 Proliferation zone Cartilage cells undergo mitosis. 2 Hypertrophic zone Older cartilage cells enlarge. 3 Calcification zone Matrix calcifies; cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating; blood vessels invade cavity. Calcified cartilage spicule Osteoblast depositing bone matrix Osseous tissue (bone) covering cartilage spicules 4 Ossification zone New bone forms. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6.2 Common Types of Fractures (1 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6.2 Common Types of Fractures (2 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 6.2 Common Types of Fractures (3 of 3) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (1 of 4) Hematoma 1 A hematoma forms. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (2 of 4) External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula 2 Fibrocartilaginous callus forms. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (3 of 4) Bony callus of spongy bone 3 Bony callus forms. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.15 Stages in the healing of a bone fracture. (4 of 4) Healed fracture 4 Bone remodeling occurs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Normal bone Osteoporotic bone Figure 6.16 The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. Normal bone Osteoporotic bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.16a The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. Normal bone © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 6.16b The contrasting architecture of normal versus osteoporotic bone. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.