ارائه دهنده : آمنه هادی پور موارد فسخ قرارداد در اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپایی و مقایسه آن با کنوانسیون وین 1980 ارائه دهنده : آمنه هادی پور

کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی وین اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپایی (PECL) شرح کوتاه کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی وین (CISG) اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپایی (PECL) توسط کمیسیون سازمان ملل متحد تهیه و در سال 1980 در وین تصویب شد. از تاریخ اول ژانویه 1988 لازم الاجرا گردید. CISG منحصر به منطقه خاصی نیست بلکه جهانی است و قلمرو آن تنها بیع کالاست اما نه هر بیعی مثلا بیع اوراق بهادار، بیع از طریق حراجی، بیع نیروی برق از آن مستثنی است. CISG زمانی قابل اجرا در کشورهاست که توسط آنها تصویب شده باشد یا آن را قبول کرده باشند . توسط کمیسیون حقوق قراردادهای اروپایی (کمیسیون لاندو) تهیه شده است. اولین بخش در سال 1995- دومین بخش در سال 1999 و آخرین بخش در سال 2003 منتشر شده است. PECL در کشورهای عضو اتحادیه اروپا قابل اعمال است و قلمرو آن تمام قراردادها اعم از داخلی و مصرفی است. نیازی نیست که PECL توسط کشورها تصویب شود تا قابلیت اجرا در آن کشورها را داشته باشد.

اسباب فسخ نقض اساسی قرارداد پیش بینی نقض اساسی قرارداد عدم اجرای قرارداد در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده از سوی فروشنده یا خریدار

[Fundamental Non-Performance] نقض اساسی قرارداد (CISG) (PECL) CISG Article 25 A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result. Article 8:103 [Fundamental Non-Performance] A non-performance of an obligation is fundamental to the contract if: (a) strict compliance with the obligation is of the essence of the contract; or (b) the non- performance substantially deprives the aggrieved party of what it was entitled to expect under the contract, unless the other party did not foresee and could not reasonably have foreseen that result; or (c) the non- performance is intentional and gives the aggrieved party reason to believe that it cannot rely on the other party's future performance.

نقض اساسی قرارداد (CISG) (PECL) تحقق نقض اساسی مستلزم وجود دو شرط است: محرومیت عمده طرف قرارداد از انتظارات قراردادی (ورود خسارت عمده)، قابل پیش بینی بودن ورود ضرر برای ناقض (قابلیت پیش بینی خسارت) کنوانسیون تعریفی از detriment ارائه نکرده است اما طراحان کنوانسیون آن را معادل خسارت پولی یا خسارت موثر و مهم می دانند. شرط دوم مفروض است و بار اثبات بر عهده ناقض است. ماده (الف) (1) 49 و ماده (الف) (1) ماده 64 نقض اساسی را موجبی برای فسخ می داند. Case 1399: a Spanish company V. a Dutch seller رعایت دقیق تعهد اساس قرارداد به شمار رود. وفق بند 2 ماده 8:103 خسارت (detriment) پیش شرط نقض اساسی قرارداد نیست. عدم اجرای قرارداد عمدی باشد هرچند فرد را از منافع عمده مورد انتظار محروم نکند و دلیلی بر اعتقاد خویش مبنی بر اینکه نمی توان به اجرای تعهد در آینده اتکا نمود، ارائه دهد. ماده (1) 9:301 حق فسخ ناشی از نقض اساسی را پیش بینی کرده است.

پیش بینی نقض اساسی قرارداد PECL Article 9:304 [Anticipatory Non-Performance] Where prior to the time for performance by a party it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by it, the other party may terminate the contract.  PECL Article 8:105 [Assurance of performance]   (1) A party which reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party may demand adequate assurance of due performance and meanwhile may withhold performance of its own obligations so long as such reasonable belief continues.  (2) Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time, the party demanding it may terminate the contract if it still reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the other party and gives notice of termination without delay.   CISG Article 72 (1) If prior to the date for performance of the contract it is clear that one of the parties will commit a fundamental breach of contract, the other party may declare the contract avoided. (2) If time allows, the party intending to declare the contract avoided must give reasonable notice to the other party in order to permit him to provide adequate assurance of his performance. (3) The requirements of the preceding paragraph do not apply if the other party has declared that he will not perform his obligations.  

پیش بینی نقض اساسی قرارداد (CISG) (PECL) شرایط فسخ قرارداد به دلیل پیش بینی نقض قرارداد عبارتند از: فرا نرسیدن موعد تعهد، آشکار بودن نقض در آینده، اساسی بودن نقض ارسال اخطار معقول عدم ارائه تضمین مناسب از سوی متعهد Case 716: a German seller V. a Chinese buyer نیازی به اخطار به طرف مقابل نیست و صرف وجود نقض تعهد اساسی آشکار کافی برای فسخ قرارداد است. در مواردی می توان نقض اساسی را به تاخیر در اجرا تسری داد. اگر یک طرف قرارداد مطمئن نباشد که نقض تعهد اساسی است اما اعتقاد داشته باشد که نقض اساسی رخ خواهد داد حق خواهد داشت که از طرف مقابل تضمین کافی تقاضا نماید و تا زمانی که این اعتقاد معقول را داشته باشد می تواند از اجرای تعهدش خودداری کند. در فرض بالا در صورت عدم ارائه تضمین مناسب حق فسخ ایجاد می گردد.

عدم اجرای قرارداد در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده از سوی فروشنده یا خریدار CISG Article 49 (1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided: (b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed. (2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so (a) in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made; (b) in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time: (i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach; (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period; or (iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance. PECL Article 9:303 [Notice of Termination] (1) A party's right to terminate the contract is to be exercised by notice to the other party. (2) The aggrieved party loses its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the non- performance. (3) (a) When performance has not been tendered by the time it was due, the aggrieved party need not give notice of termination before a tender has been made. If a tender is later made it loses its right to terminate if it does not give such notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the tender. (b) If, however, the aggrieved party knows or has reason to know that the other party still intends to tender within a reasonable time, and the aggrieved party unreasonably fails to notify the other party that it will not accept performance, it loses its right to terminate if the other party in fact tenders within a reasonable time. (4) If a party is excused under Article 8:108 through an impediment which is total and permanent, the contract is terminated automatically and without notice at the time the impediment arises.

عدم اجرای قرارداد در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده از سوی فروشنده یا خریدار CISG Article 49 (1) The buyer may declare the contract avoided: (b) in case of non-delivery, if the seller does not deliver the goods within the additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47 or declares that he will not deliver within the period so fixed. (2) However, in cases where the seller has delivered the goods, the buyer loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so (a) in respect of late delivery, within a reasonable time after he has become aware that delivery has been made; (b) in respect of any breach other than late delivery, within a reasonable time: (i) after he knew or ought to have known of the breach; (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the buyer in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 47, or after the seller has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period; or (iii) after the expiration of any additional period of time indicated by the seller in accordance with paragraph (2) of article 48, or after the buyer has declared that he will not accept performance. PECL Article 8:106 [Notice Fixing Additional Period for Performance] (1) In any case of non-performance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other party allow an additional period of time for performance. (2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obligations and may claim damages, but it may not resort to any other remedy. If it receives notice from the other party that the latter will not perform within that period, or if upon expiry of that period due performance has not been made, the aggrieved party may resort to any of the remedies that may be available under chapter 9. (3) If in a case of delay in performance which is not fundamental the aggrieved party has given a notice fixing an additional period of time of reasonable length, [page 372] it may terminate the contract at the end of the period of notice. The aggrieved party may in its notice provide that if the other party does not perform within the period fixed by the notice the contract shall terminate automatically. If the period stated is too short, the aggrieved party may terminate, or, as the case may be, the contract shall terminate automatically, only after a reasonable period from the time of the notice.

عدم اجرای قرارداد در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده از سوی فروشنده یا خریدار CISG Article 64 (1) The seller may declare the contract avoided: (a) if the failure by the buyer to perform any of his obligations under the contract or this Convention amounts to a fundamental breach of contract; or (b) if the buyer does not, within the additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, perform his obligation to pay the price or take delivery of the goods, or if he declares that he will not do so within the period so fixed. (2) However, in cases where the buyer has paid the price, the seller loses the right to declare the contract avoided unless he does so: (a) in respect of late performance by the buyer, before the seller has become aware that performance has been rendered; or (b) in respect of any breach other than late performance by the buyer, within a reasonable time: (i) after the seller knew or ought to have known of the breach; or (ii) after the expiration of any additional period of time fixed by the seller in accordance with paragraph (1) of article 63, or after the buyer has declared that he will not perform his obligations within such an additional period. PECL Article 9:303 [Notice of Termination] (1) A party's right to terminate the contract is to be exercised by notice to the other party. (2) The aggrieved party loses its right to terminate the contract unless it gives notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the non-performance. (3) (a) When performance has not been tendered by the time it was due, the aggrieved party need not give notice of termination before a tender has been made. If a tender is later made it loses its right to terminate if it does not give such notice within a reasonable time after it has or ought to have become aware of the tender. (b) If, however, the aggrieved party knows or has reason to know that the other party still intends to tender within a reasonable time, and the aggrieved party unreasonably fails to notify the other party that it will not accept performance, it loses its right to terminate if the other party in fact tenders within a reasonable time. (4) If a party is excused under Article 8:108 through an impediment which is total and permanent, the contract is terminated automatically and without notice at the time the impediment arises.

عدم اجرای قرارداد در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده از سوی فروشنده یا خریدار (CISG) (PECL) شرایط اعطای مهلت اضافی: 1- نقض تعهد از جانب متعهد : از جانب فروشنده: عدم تحویل کالا/ حق فسخ از جانب خریدار: عدم پرداخت ثمن و قبض کالا/ حق فسخ 2- تعیین مهلت معقول Case 1021: a Swiss company V. a Serbian company عدم اجرای قرارداد در مهلت اضافی تعیین شده حق فسخ را در پی خواهد داشت. ماده (2) 8:106 وفق ماده (3) 8:106 فسخ ناشی از اعطاء مهلت محدود به تاخیر غیر اساسی در اجرای قرارداد است. تاخیر در اجرای تعهد بایستی به صورت مضیغ و در حدود مفاد قرارداد تفسیر شود. ماده (الف)(3) 9:303 شبیه ماده (الف)(2) 49 کنوانسیون است.

منابع حقوق بیع بین‌المللی با مطالعه تطبیقی، دکتر سید حسین صفایی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، چاپ دوم 1387 اصول حقوق قراردادهای اروپایی و حقوق ایران، دکتر ابراهیم شعاریان، ابراهیم ترابی،انتشارات فروزش، چاپ دوم 1394 اعطای مهلت برای اجرای تعهد از جانب خریدار یا فروشنده، فخر الدین اصغری آقمشهدی، مجله مطالعات حقوق تطبیقی، دوره 3، شماره 1، بهار و تابستان 1391 بررسی حق فسخ ناشی از پیش بینی نقض قرارداد در کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی کالا و حقوق ایران، منصور امینی، همایون مافی، مجله مطالعات حقوقی، دوره 3، شماره 1، بهار و تابستان 1390 مطالعه تطبیقی نقض قابل پیش بینی قرارداد در کنوانسیون بیع بین المللی و نظام های حقوق ملی، دکتر علی انصاری، فرهاد بیات، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 60، زمستان 1391 Match-up of CISG Article 49 with PECL Articles 9:301 and 9:303, www.cisg.law.pace.edu/ Match-up of CISG Article 64 with PECL Articles 9:301 and 9:303, www.cisg.law.pace.edu/ Match-up of CISG Articles 71 and 72 with PECL Articles 8:105 and 9:304, www.cisg.law.pace.edu Match-up of CISG Articles 63 and 64(1)(b) with PECL Article 8:106, www.cisg.law.pace.edu Match-up of CISG Article 25 with PECL Article 8:103, www.cisg.law.pace.edu http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/case_law.