Unit 4: Money and Monetary Policy 1

The Money Market (Supply and Demand for Money) 2

The Demand for Money At any given time, people demand a certain amount of liquid assets (money) for everyday purchases The Demand for money shows an inverse relationship between nominal interest rates and the quantity of money demanded 1. What happens to the quantity demanded of money when interest rates increase? Quantity demanded falls because individuals would prefer to have interest earning assets instead 2. What happens to the quantity demanded when interest rates decrease? Quantity demanded increases. There is no incentive to convert cash into interest earning assets

Nominal Interest Rate (ir) The Demand for Money Inverse relationship between interest rates and the quantity of money demanded Nominal Interest Rate (ir) 20% 5% 2% DMoney Quantity of Money (billions of dollars)

What happens if price level increase? Nominal Interest Rate (ir) The Demand for Money What happens if price level increase? Money Demand Shifters Changes in price level Changes in income Changes in taxation that affects investment Nominal Interest Rate (ir) 20% 5% 2% DMoney1 DMoney Quantity of Money (billions of dollars) 5

This is called Monetary Policy. The Supply for Money The U.S. Money Supply is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FED) Interest Rate (ir) SMoney The FED is a nonpartisan government office that sets and adjusts the money supply to adjust the economy This is called Monetary Policy. 20% 5% 2% DMoney 200 Quantity of Money (billions of dollars)

Monetary Policy When the FED adjusts the money supply to achieve the macroeconomic goals 7

Increasing the Money Supply Decreases interest rate Interest Rate (ir) SM SM1 If the FED increases the money supply, this causes interest rates to fall. 10% 5% 2% How does this affect AD? DM 200 250 Quantity of Money (billions of dollars) Increase money supply Decreases interest rate Increases investment Increases AD

Decreasing the Money Supply Increase interest rate Interest Rate (ir) SM1 SM If the FED decreases the money supply, this causes the interest rate to rise 10% 5% 2% How does this affect AD? DM 150 200 Quantity of Money (billions of dollars) Decrease money supply Increase interest rate Decrease investment Decrease AD 9

Video: The FED Today

2007B Practice FRQ 12

2007B Practice FRQ 13

2007B Practice FRQ 14

Fractional Reserve Banking When banks hold only a small portion of deposits to cover potential withdrawals and then loans the rest of the money out. If we all went to the bank to withdrawal money at the same time what would happen?

Are demand deposits in a bank a liability or an asset? Bank Balance Sheet Demand Deposits- Money deposited in a commercial bank in a checking account Required Reserves- The percent that banks must hold by law Excess Reserves- The amount that the bank can loan out (any $ beyond required reserves) Assets- Anything that is owned or owed that has value (Ex: cash, real estate, loans owed) Liabilities- An obligation that must be paid (Ex: loans to be paid) Are demand deposits in a bank a liability or an asset?