Working Capital Management Chapter 8 Working Capital Management

Short term financial management Short-term financial management—managing current assets and current liabilities—is one of the financial manager’s most important and time-consuming activities. The goal of short-term financial management is to manage each of the firms’ current assets and liabilities to achieve a balance between profitability and risk that contributes positively to overall firm value. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Long & Short Term Assets & Liabilities Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Working Capital and Net Working Capital Working Capital includes a firm’s current assets, which consist of cash and marketable securities in addition to accounts receivable and inventories. Current liabilities represent the firm’s short term financing, which includes accounts payable (trade credit), notes payable (bank loans), and accrued liabilities. Net Working Capital is defined as total current assets less total current liabilities. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Central to short-term financial management is an understanding of the firm’s cash conversion cycle. A firm’s operating cycle (OC) is the time from the beginning of the production process to the collection of cash from the sale of the finished products. Cash conversion cycle- The amount of time a firm’s resources are tied up: calculated by subtracting the average payment period from the operating cycle. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING CASH CONVERSION CYCLE Turn over inventory as quickly as possible without stock outs that result in lost sales. Collect accounts receivable as quickly as possible without losing sales from high pressure collection techniques. Manage mail, processing, and clearing time to reduce them when collecting from customers and to increase them when paying suppliers. Pay accounts payable as slowly as possible without damaging the firm’s credit rating. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Inventory Management: Inventory Fundamentals Classification of inventories: Raw materials: items purchased for use in the manufacture of a finished product Work-in-progress: all items that are currently in production Finished goods: items that have been produced but not yet sold Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Inventory Management: Differing Views About Inventory The different departments within a firm (finance, production, marketing, etc.) often have differing views about what is an “appropriate” level of inventory. Financial managers would like to keep inventory levels low to ensure that funds are wisely invested. Marketing managers would like to keep inventory levels high to ensure orders could be quickly filled. Manufacturing managers would like to keep raw materials levels high to avoid production delays and to make larger, more economical production runs. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Techniques of managing Inventory ABC inventory System Economic order quantity model Just-in-Time(JIT) System Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Accounts Receivable Management The second component of the cash conversion cycle is the average collection period – the average length of time from a sale on credit until the payment becomes usable funds to the firm. The collection period consists of two parts: the time period from the sale until the customer mails payment, and the time from when the payment is mailed until the firm collects funds in its bank account. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Current Liabilities- Unsecured Sources of Short-Term Loans Business obtain unsecured sources of short term loans from two major sources: Banks& Commercial Paper The major type of loan made by banks to businesses is the short-term, self-liquidating loan which are intended to carry firms through seasonal peaks in financing needs. As receivables and inventories are converted into cash, the loans are then retired. These loans come in three basic forms: single-payment notes, lines of credit, and revolving credit agreements. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Unsecured Sources of Short-Term Loans: Bank Loans (cont.) Loan Interest Rates Most banks loans are based on the prime rate of interest which is the lowest rate of interest charged by the nation’s leading banks on loans to their most reliable business borrowers. Banks generally determine the rate to be charged to various borrowers by adding a premium to the prime rate to adjust it for the borrowers “riskiness.” Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Unsecured Sources of Short-Term Loans: Bank Loans (cont.) Fixed & Floating-Rate Loans On a fixed-rate loan, the rate of interest is determined at a set increment above the prime rate and remains at that rate until maturity. On a floating-rate loan, the increment above the prime rate is initially established and is then allowed to float with prime until maturity. The increment above prime is generally lower on floating rate loans than on fixed-rate loans. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Unsecured Sources of Short-Term Loans: Bank Loans (cont.) Line of Credit (LOC) A line of credit is an agreement between a commercial bank and a business specifying the amount of unsecured short-term borrowing the bank will make available to the firm over a given period of time. It is usually made for a period of 1 year and often places various constraints on borrowers. Although not guaranteed, the amount of a LOC is the maximum amount the firm can owe the bank at any point in time. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Unsecured Sources of Short-Term Loans: Bank Loans (cont.) Line of Credit (LOC) In order to obtain the LOC, the borrower may be required to submit a number of documents including a cash budget, and recent (and pro forma) financial statements. The interest rate on a LOC is normally floating and pegged to prime. In addition, banks may impose operating restrictions giving it the right to revoke the LOC if the firm’s financial condition changes. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.

Unsecured Sources of Short-Term Loans: Bank Loans (cont.) Revolving Credit Agreement (RCA) A RCA is nothing more than a guaranteed line of credit. Because the bank guarantees the funds will be available, they typically charge a commitment fee which applies to the unused portion of of the borrowers credit line. A typical fee is around 0.5% of the average unused portion of the funds. Although more expensive than the LOC, the RCA is less risky from the borrowers perspective. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.