Imperialism Modes of Control Chapter 11 Section 2

Forms of Control Each European nation had certain policies and goals for establishing colonies. Sometimes countries used a variety of the following to gain control of an area. Colony – Country or region governed by a foreign power. Protectorate – Country with its own government but under the control of a foreign power. Sphere of Influence – Area in which an outside power claims trading privileges. Economic Imperialism – independent but less developed nations controlled by private business.

Methods of Management Indirect Control (Britain & U.S.) Relied on existing political rulers. Limited self-rule. Developed future leaders that would govern in the form of the controlling power. Direct Control (French/Germany) Foreign officials ruled the country. Paternalism – govern in a fatherly way – providing for needs but not giving rights. Assimilation – local populations will become absorbed in foreign powers culture.

African Resistance Africans resisted European attempts to colonize their land. This battle was never equal because the Europeans had superior weapons. With the exception of Ethiopia, the resistance efforts failed.

Impact of Colonialism Positives Reduced local warfare Improved sanitation Hospitals and schools Increase of life spans and literacy rate Economic expansion – African products sold internationally Railroads, dams, telephones, telegraph Mainly benefited Europeans

Impact of Colonialism Negatives Africans lost control of land Lost culture – forced to leave villages to work in mines or plantations Death of millions – disease, famine and war Divided the African continent Occurred whenever an imperial power forced colonialism on a country. Examples – Britain – India, Africa France – Africa, Southeast Asia U. S. – Pacific Ocean, American West

Introduction Europeans began to look at other places to control besides Africa. They focused on what was left of the Ottoman Empire. Land surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

Geopolitics Geopolitics – an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products.

Russia and the Crimean War In an attempt to gain land on the Black Sea, Russian czars continuously started wars with the Ottomans. 1853 – Crimean War began. Russians v. Ottomans Britain and France help the Ottomans to prevent further Russian advancement. Russia lost

Significance of Muslim Lands Attempts to “Westernize” these areas of the world are futile. (Well see this again in about 130 years) Religion and Culture too different. Fueled by radicalism

Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” Britain’s economy was booming due to the Industrial Revolution. India was a great source of raw materials. Its 300 million people were a large potential market for British-made goods. British considered India the brightest “jewel in the crown” - the most valuable of the British colonies.

Forcing out the Competition The British set up policies that forced India to give Britain raw materials and buy British goods. Competition was prohibited. Indian’s textile industry was almost put out of business.

Impact on Colonialism India both benefited and was harmed by British colonialism. Negative – British had too much political and economic power. Emphasis on cash crops resulted in loss of self- sufficiency for many villagers. Reduced food production and caused famine. Positive – India now had the 3rd largest railroad network. Led to the development of a modern economy and unity among the regions.

The Sepoy Mutiny By 1850, British controlled most of India. Indians were discontent. They believed that the British were also trying to convert them to Christianity. They also resented the constant racism that the British expressed toward them.

Nationalism Indians hated being second-class citizens in their own country. They were paid less for the same jobs that Europeans performed in their country. Ex. European engineers made 20 times the amount of Indian engineers.

Nationalist Groups Form Growing nationalism led to the founding of two groups: Indian National Congress (1885) and the Muslim League (1906). By the early 1900s they were calling for self-government. British divided Bengal into two sections: Muslim and Hindu. Harder for them to unite. This infuriated the Indians. British recalled the order and divided Bengal differently.

Ghandi Leader of the Free India Movement. Non-violent peace protests. Went on hunger strikes to advocate fro a free India Was able to help India become independent in the 1940s.