All roads lead to the Elements Periodic Table All roads lead to the Elements

History of the Periodic Table Antoine Lavoisier (1790) Wife assisted in work 23 Element List Lost his head (French Revolution) Scientist and tax collector. Wife was as good a scientist as he was. Discovered the relationship between oxygen and combustion and named oxygen.

John Newlands – 1864 Forms periodic table called octaves Realizes properties repeat every 8th element

The Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev - 1869 Early periodic table: arranged according to masses and similar characteristics Contained 63 elements Predicted 3 yet-to-be elements Left spaces for undiscovered elements

Mendeleev’s 1st Sketch

1st Publication

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Lothar Meyer - 1870 Early Periodic Table Published a graph relating atomic volume and atomic number and clearly showing the periodic relationships of the elements

Henry Moseley – 1913 Learned that each element has a unique number of protons Developed modern periodic table arranged by protons

Periodic Table set up Periods: the horizontal rows on the periodic table (left to right) Groups/Families: the vertical columns on the periodic table (up and down) Those with an “A” are called the representative elements Those with a “B” are called the transition elements

Parts of the Periodic Table Metals – tend to be shiny, usually solid at room temperature, good conductors, malleable and ductile (solids and liquids) Metalloids – have physical/chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals Nonmetals – usually gas or brittle, dull solids. Poor conductors of heat/electricity (solid, liquid, and gas)

Transitional Metals – metals in the d-orbital Inner transitional Metals – Lanthanide or Actinide Series (f-orbital metals)

Metals/Non-metals/metalloids Metalloids: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te (have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals) Blue Metals: Green Non-metals: Yellow

Valence Electrons Valence electrons: electrons in the outermost shell

Octet Rule Octet Rule: In order for an element to be full, the outermost energy level must be full. Either 2 or 8 electrons. To reach an octet elements with lose, gain, or share electrons

Lose or Gain? Ion: an atom that has a charge due to losing or gaining electrons Cation: positive ion Anion: negative ion

Oxidation Numbers Oxidation number: a number used to indicate how many electrons will be gained or lost Ion: a charged atom

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Groups/Families

Group 1: Alkali Metals Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals Group 16 (6A): Chalcogens Group 3-12: Transition Metals Group 17 (7A): Halogens Group 18 (8A): Nobel Gases

Groups/Families Group 1: Alkali Metals Has 1 Valence electron Highly reactive (react violently with water) Soft, Shiny metals

Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals 2 valence electrons Reactive (not as reactive as Alkali Metals)

Group 3-12: Transition Metals Can have more than 1 oxidation number Metallic Wide-range of uses Iron, Cobalt, Copper, and Manganese use in your body Copper for electrical wires Gold, Silver, Copper in coin making

Chalcogens 16 (6A) - AKA: oxygen group Greek term meaning copper bearing

Group 17 (7A): Halogens Very Reactive Have 7 Valence electrons Tend to find in compounds

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Group 18 (8A): Noble Gases 8 Valence electrons Unreactive

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Important Trends Atomic Radii- distance from the nucleus to the outermost stable electron Increases moving down the columns and increases right to left

Atomic Radius

Important Trends Ionic Radii- distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron in an ion Increases moving down a family (Noble Gas Trick)

Ionic Radius

Important Trends Increases moving up the columns and increases left to right (Noble Gas family has 0 electronegativity) Electronegativity- ability of an atom to attract electrons and form a chemical bond

Electronegativity

Important Trends Ionization Energy- the energy needed to remove an electron Increases moving up the columns and increases left to right (Ummm... For the most part at least!)

Ionization Energy

Extinct

Practice Which group/family will not bond with any other elements?

How many valence electrons does Phosphorus have?

Which element is the most electronegative?

To follow the octet rule how many valence electrons do all elements want?

How many valence electrons does Calcium have?

Family with 7 valence electrons and highly reactive?

What is the oxidation number for Oxygen?

Which element is more metallic Ag or Ge?

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