The Circular Flow of Income

The circular flow of income Firms Factor payments Consumption of domestically produced goods and services (Cd) Households

THE CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME Withdrawals net saving net taxes import expenditure Injections investment government expenditure export expenditure

The circular flow of income Export expenditure (X) INJECTIONS Government expenditure (G) Investment (I) Consumption of domestically produced goods and services (Cd) BANKS, etc Net saving (S) ABROAD Import expenditure (M) Factor payments GOV. Net taxes (T) WITHDRAWALS

THE CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME The relationship between injections and withdrawals the links between them planned injections may not equal planned withdrawals Equilibrium in the circular flow The circular flow and the four macroeconomic objectives

Measuring National Income The National Economy Measuring National Income

MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME The three ways of measuring GDP the production method the income method the expenditure method

The circular flow of national income and expenditure

The circular flow of national income and expenditure (1) Production (2) Incomes (3) Expenditure

MEASURING NATIONAL INCOME The product method the problem of double counting the measuring of value added gross value added (GVA) some qualifications stocks government services ownership of dwellings taxes and subsidies on products

UK GVA (product-based measure): 2001 Agriculture, forestry and fishing £8 241 m Mining, energy and water supply £41 378 m Manufacturing £153 132 m Construction £47 327 m Wholesale and retail trade; repairs £106 766 m Hotels and restaurants £29 359m Transport and communication £70 252 m Banking, finance, insurance, etc. £6 667 m Letting of property £209 839 m Public administration and defence £42 096 m Education, health and social work £114 069 m Other services £45 101 m Total GVA £874 227 m 0.9 4.7 17.5 5.4 12.2 3.4 8.0 0.8 24.0 4.8 13.0 5.2 100.0

UK GVA (product-based measure): 2001 Agriculture, forestry and fishing £8 241 m Mining, energy and water supply £41 378 m Manufacturing £153 132 m Construction £47 327 m Wholesale and retail trade; repairs £106 766 m Hotels and restaurants £29 359m Transport and communication £70 252 m Banking, finance, insurance, etc. £6 667 m Letting of property £209 839 m Public administration and defence £42 096 m Education, health and social work £114 069 m Other services £45 101 m Total GVA £874 227 m 0.9 4.7 17.5 5.4 12.2 3.4 8.0 0.8 24.0 4.8 13.0 5.2 100.0

UK GVA (product-based measure): 2001 Agriculture, forestry and fishing £8 241 m Mining, energy and water supply £41 378 m Manufacturing £153 132 m Construction £47 327 m Wholesale and retail trade; repairs £106 766 m Hotels and restaurants £29 359m Transport and communication £70 252 m Banking, finance, insurance, etc. £6 667 m Letting of property £209 839 m Public administration and defence £42 096 m Education, health and social work £114 069 m Other services £45 101 m Total GVA £874 227 m 0.9 4.7 17.5 5.4 12.2 3.4 8.0 0.8 24.0 4.8 13.0 5.2 100.0 Percentage of GVA

UK GVA by category of income: 2001 Compensation of employees (wages and salaries) £556 371 m Operating surplus (gross profit, rent and interest of firms government and other institutions) £238 625 m Mixed incomes £60 073 m Tax less subsidies on production (other than those on products) plus statistical discrepancy £19 158m Total GVA £874 227m 63.6 27.3 6.9 2.2 100.0

UK GVA by category of income: 2001 Compensation of employees (wages and salaries) £556 371 m Operating surplus (gross profit, rent and interest of firms government and other institutions) £238 625 m Mixed incomes £60 073 m Tax less subsidies on production (other than those on products) plus statistical discrepancy £19 158m Total GVA £874 227m 63.6 27.3 6.9 2.2 100.0

UK GVA by category of income: 2001 Compensation of employees (wages and salaries) £556 371 m Operating surplus (gross profit, rent and interest of firms government and other institutions) £238 625 m Mixed incomes £60 073 m Tax less subsidies on production (other than those on products) plus statistical discrepancy £19 158m Total GVA £874 227m 63.6 27.3 6.9 2.2 100.0 Percentage of GVA

UK GDP (product-based measure): 2001 GVA (gross value added at basic prices) £874 227m plus Taxes on products £120 499m less Subsidies on products £6 712m GDP (at market prices) £988 014m

UK GDP (product-based measure): 2001 GVA (gross value added at basic prices) £874 227m plus Taxes on products £120 499m less Subsidies on products £6 712m GDP (at market prices) £988 014m

UK GDP (product-based measure): 2001 GVA (gross value added at basic prices) £874 227m plus Taxes on products £120 499m less Subsidies on products £6 712m GDP (at market prices) £988 014m

UK GDP (product-based measure): 2001 GVA (gross value added at basic prices) £874 227m plus Taxes on products £120 499m less Subsidies on products £6 712m GDP (at market prices) £988 014m

UK GDP by category of expenditure, GNI and NNI: 2001 £million Consumption expenditure of households and NPISH (C) 655 265 Government final consumption (G) 190 663 Gross capital formation (I) 164 048 Exports of goods and services (X) 268 451 less Imports of goods and services (M) 290 912 Statistical discrepancy 499 Gross domestic product (GDP) (at market prices) 988 014

UK GDP by category of expenditure, GNI and NNI: 2001 £million Consumption expenditure of households and NPISH (C) 655 265 Government final consumption (G) 190 663 Gross capital formation (I) 164 048 Exports of goods and services (X) 268 451 less Imports of goods and services (M) 290 912 Statistical discrepancy 499 Gross domestic product (GDP) (at market prices) 988 014 plus Net income from abroad 5 756 Gross national income (GNI) 993 770

UK GDP by category of expenditure, GNI and NNI: 2001 £million Consumption expenditure of households and NPISH (C) 655 265 Government final consumption (G) 190 663 Gross capital formation (I) 164 048 Exports of goods and services (X) 268 451 less Imports of goods and services (M) 290 912 Statistical discrepancy 499 Gross domestic product (GDP) (at market prices) 988 014 plus Net income from abroad 5 756 Gross national income (GNI) 993 770 less Capital consumption (depreciation) -111 275 Net national income (NNI) 882 495

Macroeconomic equilibrium In a very simple economy, it must be that: Y = C + I Y = C + S C + S = C + I i.e. S = I Actual savings are by definition equal to actual investment by it is by no means guaranteed that planned savings match planned investments The saving and investment decisions are taken by various groups, and if there is a mismatch, instability may be generated

All income is consumed GNI = GNP = 100 Consumption = 100 Households Firms GNI = 100 What happens if households want to save part of their income (S = 10) ?

Planned savings equal planned investments Consumption = 90 Households Firms S=10 I=10 Capital- market GNI = 100 Savings are a leakage (withdrawal) from the circular flow

Households want to save more Consumption = 80 Households Firms S=20 I=10 Capital- market GNI = 100 There is an unplanned increase in inventories since households save more

Households want to save more Consumption = 40 Households Firms S=10 I=10 Capital- market GNI = 50 The equilibrium level of income is reduced as firms cut back on production.