Cell Division Notes

Overview of Cell Division Part I

Cell division:

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells Two types are mitosis and

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells Two types are mitosis and meiosis

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells Two types are mitosis and meiosis Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have of DNA

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells Two types are mitosis and meiosis Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have identical sets of DNA

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells Two types are mitosis and meiosis Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have identical sets of DNA Meiosis creates 4 new sex cells, such as sperm and eggs, that have the original amount of DNA

Cell division: the process by which a cell becomes two new daughter cells Two types are mitosis and meiosis Mitosis creates 2 new body cells that have identical sets of DNA Meiosis creates 4 new sex cells, such as sperm and eggs, that have half the original amount of DNA

Mitosis 4 4 4 Original Daughter Cells

Meiosis 2 2 4 2 2 Original Daughter Cells

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Growth:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Growth: an increase in size of an organism

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Growth: an increase in size of an organism What type of cell division is used for growth?

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Growth: an increase in size of an organism What type of cell division is used for growth? Mitosis

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Growth: an increase in size of an organism What type of cell division is used for growth? Mitosis Why are multicellular organisms made of many small cells, rather than a few large cells?

The larger the cell becomes,

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large to ratio

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to ratio

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio This means they need to have a large surface area or that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently.

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently. They also need to have a small volume or amount of that requires fewer materials and has a shorter distance for transport

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently. They also need to have a small volume or amount of cytoplasm that requires fewer materials and has a shorter distance for transport

The larger the cell becomes, The more difficult it becomes for enough needed materials to enter and leave the cell Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio This means they need to have a large surface area or cell membrane that allows materials to enter and leave the cell efficiently. They also need to have a small volume or amount of cytoplasm that requires fewer materials and has a shorter distance for transport Small cells have a large surface area to volume ratio

The larger the cell becomes,

The larger the cell becomes, The more strain is placed on the DNA

The larger the cell becomes, The more strain is placed on the DNA The role of DNA is to

The larger the cell becomes, The more strain is placed on the DNA The role of DNA is to hold the genetic information (directions) of the cell

The larger the cell becomes, The more strain is placed on the DNA The role of DNA is to hold the genetic information (directions) of the cell The larger the cell, the more proteins are needed to keep the cell running.

The larger the cell becomes, The more strain is placed on the DNA The role of DNA is to hold the genetic information (directions) of the cell The larger the cell, the more proteins are needed to keep the cell running. Bigger cells don’t have more DNA to make extra proteins.

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Repair:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body For example, if you cut your finger, the cut heals, because new cells are made to replace the dead and injured cells.

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body For example, if you cut your finger, the cut heals, because new cells are made to replace the dead and injured cells. What type of cell division is used for repair?

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Repair: fixing injuries or broken parts of the body For example, if you cut your finger, the cut heals, because new cells are made to replace the dead and injured cells. What type of cell division is used for repair? Mitosis

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction?

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis Sexual reproduction:

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis Sexual reproduction: process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis Sexual reproduction: process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism What type of cell division is used for sexual reproduction?

Cells resulting from cell division can be used for: Reproduction: the process of making one or more offspring Two types of reproduction: Asexual reproduction: process by which a single parent reproduces by itself What type of cell division is used for asexual reproduction? Mitosis Sexual reproduction: process by which cells from two different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism What type of cell division is used for sexual reproduction? Meiosis

The Cell Cycle Part II

Cell Cycle:

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation:

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation: Interphase

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation: Interphase Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation: Interphase Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases Cell Division- (nuclear division) and (cytoplasm division)

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation: Interphase Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and (cytoplasm division)

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation: Interphase Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)

Cell Cycle: the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide 2 Main Parts Growth and Preparation: Interphase Consists of the G1, S, and G2 phases Cell Division- Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division) Consists of the M phase

4 Stages of the Cell Cycle Description G1 S G2 M

4 Stages of the Cell Cycle Description G1 Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S G2 M

4 Stages of the Cell Cycle Description G1 Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S Synthesis: Making of new DNA molecules G2 M

4 Stages of the Cell Cycle Description G1 Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S Synthesis: Making of new DNA molecules G2 Gap 2: Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced M

4 Stages of the Cell Cycle Description G1 Gap 1: Period where cells do most of their growing; synthesize new proteins and organelles S Synthesis: Making of new DNA molecules G2 Gap 2: Many organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced M Mitosis

Chromosome

Chromosome Made of , whose job is to

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called or condensed

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called chromatin or condensed Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _ strand of DNA called a , and replicated chromosomes consist of _ identical strands of DNA called

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called chromatin or condensed Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of _ identical strands of DNA called

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called chromatin or condensed Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called chromatin or condensed Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called chromatin or condensed Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids The cells in each type of organism have a certain number of chromosomes. Example human body cells have chromosomes in their nuclei.

Chromosome Made of DNA , whose job is to carry the cell’s coded genetic information Are located in the nucleus Can be loose called chromatin or condensed Unreplicated chromosomes consist of _a single strand of DNA called a chromatid , and replicated chromosomes consist of two_ identical strands of DNA called sister chromatids The cells in each type of organism have a certain number of chromosomes. Example human body cells have 46 chromosomes in their nuclei.

Sister Chromatids-

Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome

Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome Centromere-

Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome Centromere- Area of attachment for the sister chromatids

Sister Chromatids- two sets of identical DNA found in each chromosome Centromere- Area of attachment for the sister chromatids

M Phase in Detail Part III

M Phase Main roles include division of the and the of a cell

M Phase Main roles include division of the nucleus and the of a cell

M Phase Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell

M Phase Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis.

M Phase Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis. Creates daughter cells

M Phase Main roles include division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell Mitosis, the division of the nucleus, has 4 main parts. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, occurs near the end of mitosis. Creates 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Starting Point Animal cell during interphase

4 Stages of Mitosis

4 Stages of Mitosis Prophase:

4 Stages of Mitosis Prophase: Chromosomes become visible

4 Stages of Mitosis Prophase: Chromosomes become visible Centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus

4 Stages of Mitosis

4 Stages of Mitosis Metaphase:

4 Stages of Mitosis Metaphase: Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

4 Stages of Mitosis Metaphase: Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Spindle fibers project out from the centrioles

4 Stages of Mitosis

4 Stages of Mitosis Anaphase:

4 Stages of Mitosis Anaphase: Sister chromatids split into individual chromosomes

4 Stages of Mitosis Anaphase: Sister chromatids split into individual chromosomes Move towards opposite ends of the cell

4 Stages of Mitosis

4 Stages of Mitosis Telophase:

4 Stages of Mitosis Telophase: Chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of chromatin

4 Stages of Mitosis Telophase: Chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of chromatin Nuclear envelope reforms around the chromatin

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis Division of the

Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Occurs at the same time as

Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Occurs at the same time as telophase

Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Occurs at the same time as telophase Occurs differently in animal and plant cells

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis Animal cell:

Cytokinesis Animal cell: Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched in two nearly equal parts

Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis Plant cell:

Cytokinesis Plant cell: cell plate forms in between the new nuclei; becomes the new cell membrane

Review What are the main events of interphase? List the 4 stages of mitosis in order.

Review What are the main events of interphase? Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell List the 4 stages of mitosis in order. Prophase

Review What are the main events of interphase? Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell List the 4 stages of mitosis in order. Prophase Metaphase

Review What are the main events of interphase? Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell List the 4 stages of mitosis in order. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase

Review What are the main events of interphase? Cell growth, production of new organelles, synthesis of DNA, normal “job” for the cell List the 4 stages of mitosis in order. Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Review Mitosis produces daughter cells that are to the parent cell.

Review Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

Review Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The new cells can be used for , , and .

Review Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The new cells can be used for growth , , and .

Review Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The new cells can be used for growth , repair , and .

Review Mitosis produces daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell. The new cells can be used for growth , repair , and reproduction .

Cancer Part IV

Cancer-

Cancer- a disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth and division Cells receive chemical signals that let them know when to start and stop dividing. There are also checkpoints to make sure that the DNA has replicated and is dividing properly. Cancer cells do not respond to these chemical signals and are not stopped at checkpoints because the genes that control these functions are mutated. As a result, the cell cycle is uncontrolled.

Tumor-

Tumor- Mass of cells

Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division.

Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign-

Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors

This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant-  

This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant- uncontrolled growth  

Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant- uncontrolled growth How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?

This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant- uncontrolled growth How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?  It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it

This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant- uncontrolled growth How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?  It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it Metastasis-

This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant- uncontrolled growth How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?  It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it Metastasis- when cancer cells break off a tumor and circulate throughout the body

This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Tumor- Mass of cells This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Benign- self-limiting tumors Malignant- uncontrolled growth How can a cluster of cells result in the death of an organism?  It can take up needed space in an organism, crowding other organs and structures. It can use nourishment that other organs need, starving the structures around it Metastasis- when cancer cells break off a tumor and circulate throughout the body This is especially dangerous because it can result in multiple organs shutting down.