Raw water Treated water Bauer Energy Design® Water Processor Zeta Potential Facts Increased filtering/settling efficiency No scaling, through mineral deposition control No biofilm formation: removal, elimination of existing biofilm Elimination of organic corrosion Reduced chemical usage Dissolution of existing solids Agglomeration of both organic and inorganic material Improved water cleaning efficiency No consumables or power required Alloy is non sacrificial therefore it will last indefinetly Eliminates filter membrane biofouling and extends filter life The Bauer Energy Design® Water Processor improves water quality through many fundamental phenomena: Zeta potential reduction, electrolysis, turbulence and cavitation. Zeta potential controls the growth of particles in water. Reducing Zeta potential allows for growth of particles therefore increasing particle size. This in turn increases filtering and/or settling capability. Lowering Zeta Potential affects the growth of both organic and inorganic particulate matter. The most important effect is that it will stop and reverse scaling. Raw water Treated water 7.5 µm 20 µm These particles from the same source as the raw water have become larger, due to their lower charge. They have grown into stable aragonite particles. They will not form scale but will settle out as a soft sludge. They also will not scale and will eliminate biofilm in water systems. This smaller common particle travels easily in flowing systems, it is highly charged and will form scale and biofilm in water systems.This is a typical calcite particle from a municipal water source.

What is Zeta potential? All particulate mater in water carries an electrical charge (most will carry a negative charge). This electrical charge will, of course attract opposite charges (ions) which are going to form a layer around the particle (see fig. 1 below). This new, charged, layer surrounding the original particle will attract ions with the same charge as the one on the original particles. These charged layers offer a barrier that prevent other particles to come into contact and agglomerate with the original particle. This barrier can be measured in term of electrical potential and is named « The Zeta Potential ». The higher the magnitude of this potential, the harder it is for particles to agglomerate. The closer to zero this potential the easier it is for these particles to agglomerate. Particles have to overcome this barrier to coagulate. Therefore, lowering Zeta potential lowers this barrier and allows for spontaneous coagulation of particles. This is illustrated in figure 2. End result: Scaling is prevented and existing scales are eliminated. With the Bauer Energy Design® Water Processor there is no use of power or consumables to lower the zeta potential. Filter life is extended and membrane biofouling is eliminated. Zeta potential affects the growth of both organic and inorganic particulate mater. Its most critical effect is that it will stop and reverse scaling thus eliminating biofilm. + - - + - - + Potential a) - - b) - Distance between particles Fig. 1: Electrostatic charge distribution on and around particles in water. These electrostatic charges form a barrier to crystal growth. Fig. 2: Potential as a function of distance between particles. A) Zeta potential of raw solution. B) Zeta potential of Bauer treated water. The Bauer Energy Design® Water Processor lowers the energy barrier that prevents particles from coagulating making crystal growth fast, uniform and efficient. The Final effect: Stops scaling, eliminates existing scales and biofilms. The Bauer Energy Design® Water Processor will: Stop scaling formation Retard corrosive action of some chemicals Inhibit the formation of biofilms Remove existing biofilms Reduce maintenance costs Improve equipment efficiency.