LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM AND MANAGEMENT UPA Package 2, Module 5 LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM AND MANAGEMENT

Land Information Any information concerning land is a valuable information which serves as a key to financial investments, commerce, industry and agriculture.

Land Information Ways of Presenting the Land Information a map aerial or terrestrial photography written records which contain parcel areas, land holdings, assessment values etc the storage through computers--Maps may be scanned and information stored in digital form and then can be retrieved, with coded commands to the computers.

Land Information Classes of Land Information The first is geological information like shape, size, land forms, minerals and soil. The second group is economic information like land use, irrigation, crops etc. The third group is legal rights, registration, and taxation etc., are involved.

Land Information The concept of a land information system Source: Adapted from Dale and McLaughlin (1988)

Land Information System Components of a Land Information System

Land Information System A land information system (LIS) consider as a tool for legal, administrative and economic decision-making and an aid for planning and development. A land information system consists: Of a database containing spatially referenced land-related data for a defined area and Of procedures and techniques for the systematic collection, updating, processing and distribution of the data.

Land Information System The base of a land information system is a uniform spatial referencing system, which also simplifies the linking of data within the system with other land-related data.

Typical Land Information System Land records as a primary component maintained by unit of government responsible for tracking land ownership, control; parcel-oriented hard copy maps and/or CAD or GIS software for spatial representations

Typical Land Information System relatively large (cartographic )scale bridge between legal and technical land descriptions may incorporate other technologies parcel indexing systems (relational data base management systems) fiche and document imaging systems Surveying Cadastral is the most common land information system Now considerable efforts being made in many countries around the world to create land information systems with data from different sources based on a cadastre where each parcel has a unique identifier (see figure).

Cadastral Systems and LIS a parcel based land information system based on a legal cadastre

Cadastral Systems and LIS Cadastral Systems can be grouped under three general heads. Tax Cadaster --It is a system of survey where information is collected for land taxation. The tax may be assessed based on area of land, type of land, value of land and produce of the land. Real Cadaster Cadastere is executed mainly for the physical mapping of land holding boundaries and locating real other properties for land inventory. Real property includes not only land, but also buildings, trees etc., which are permanently fixed to it.

Cadastral Systems and LIS Legal Cadaster-- Survey furnishes information for the Registration of the land. It is for determination of legal ownership and Registration of legal transactions

Cadastral Systems and LIS Functions of a legal cadastre: define property rights (often in conjunction with formal and case law) describe the extent (spatial, sometimes temporal) of property rights support land transfer provide evidence of ownership (e.g., using land as collateral) program administration (e.g., enforcement of laws, targeting of incentives) public land management

Land Information Systems The benefits to be derived from the implementation of a Land Information System are the following : Improved certainty of land location and its ownership Greater productivity and better use of land Land transaction procedures are improved  resulting into  lower costs and  the stimulation of the land market. Provides an improved tool for physical, environmental monitoring and land valuation Improved rating on taxation procedures     

Land Information System Players a. Local government  tax assessor / real property listor zoning administrator every other agency that needs to know who owns/uses the land, for example: plat review building inspection land use planning

Land Information System Players land use planning transportation planning and management emergency response waste management and disposal protected area designation, monitoring parks and open space infrastructure management public utilities etc.

Land Information System Players b. Public Public interacts with local land information system primarily in land conveyances and land tax assessment; may also have some involvement in particular applications.   c. Land-related business and NGOs development / real estate banking title abstracting and insurance conservation & environmental protection community, land use, economic development etc.

Land Information System Players Figure 3 illustrates the conceptual framework for inter disciplinary approach to anti-poverty’s solution based on full supports of the Internet model that leads to presumable counter-measurements of four elliptical mappings. Obviously, each mapping closely pertains to pilot projects and feasible practices tested by concerned organizations and authorities at the international & national, local and individual level.

Singapore’s Land Information Hub "The Singapore Land Data Hub is a one-stop resource centre for comprehensive and accurate digitised land data." Land Data Hub was established in 1989. Pulling together information from various government and private agencies,. Since its inception, the Land Data Hub Programme has proven to be beneficial for both the public and private sectors.

Singapore’s Land Information Hub Benefits In the public sector, Greatly facilitated the rapid development of crucial map- based GIS systems in the Civil Service. Helped the government agencies to save cost and reduce duplication of effort in the creation and capture of land data. Benefits In the private sector Facilitated the development of map-based ommercial GIS services and products.

Singapore’s Land Information Hub Land Information Services SLA offers a variety of services to serve the public and private sectors. Before you purchase your dream home, these services from SLA to help you in your decision making: recommendation\Land Information Services.htm

Land Information Management “Whatever is attempted must be designed as much for the future as for the present Maintenance is more important than initial system creation for without it, the system will become an historical monument and a folly at that. Not only must external changes be recorded within the system but also the system must be itself be capable of change as the levels of sophistication both of the hardware and software and of the people operating them growth.

Land Information Management If third word countries are to make a quantum leap forward, if the growth of land information systems has the impact on societies that it is hoped that they will, if in the fact better land information can lead to better decisions about the use of land and resource and better management of that most fundamental resource, then there is a heavy responsibility on those giving aid and assistance to get it right. The affluent can afford the occasional failure. The third world cannot.” PETER F. DALE AND JOHN D. MCLAUGHLIN 1999 Land Administration Oxford University Press

Land Information Management Land management must be based on knowledge, knowledge depends on information, and information depends on the methods of data collection and the manner in which their results are communicated. Land- related information is an important and expensive resource that must be managed efficiently in order to maximize its potential benefits. Land information management entails: Determining the requirements of the State and of the general public for land-related information;

Land Information Management Examining how the information is actually used in the decision-making process, how information flows from one producer or user to another, and what constraints there are upon that flow; Developing policies for determining priorities, allocating the necessary re-sources, assigning responsibilities for action, and setting standards of performance and methods for monitoring them; Improving existing land information systems or introducing new ones; Assessing and designing new tools and techniques; Ensuring that matters of privacy and data security are respected.

Land Information Management

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM The desirable characteristics are: 1. There is a corporate vision of how City-wide LIM can effectively support the planning and delivery of services. A strategic framework to guide and integrate aid programmes and investment in City-wide LIM is formulated and communicated to all stakeholders. This includes the following: -- The core data required to support the city’s business and to measure performance should be identified. The focus should be on maintaining these core data and the temptation to waste time on "desirable" rather than "essential" information should be avoided.

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM - There should be one source for each piece of core data. This source should be known and communicated to veryone who might want to use those data. Replication of core data across systems should be forbidden. -- Common data definitions / standards should be adopted and enforced across the city’s departments. This will avoid similar, but not identical, bits of data being spread out across disparate systems. Where relevant, national and international standards should be adopted.

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM The custodians for core data should be clearly identified. Custodians are stakeholders within the organisation who rely upon particular pieces of data for their day-to-day operations. It should be their responsibility to collect and manage the core data assigned to their custodianship. This responsibility should be backed up with service level agreements with users of this core data. A service level agreement is a contract in which an agency agrees to supply data to predetermined standards and at a fixed price.

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM The responsibility for keeping data up-to-date must be clear. Where data are provided by contractors (by outsourcing), the responsibility to maintain core datamay be placed on them. Alternatively the data may be kept up to date using internal resources. Whichever route is chosen, the responsibilities of all parties should be documented clearly and the processes of updating the data implemented. Where appropriate the best commercially available solutions should be applied to avoid costly city-specific solutions being commissioned.

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM The connections between the variety of systems used by different parts of the organisation should adhere to an agreed framework. Providing the appropriate connectivity enables the LIM and business processes to operate efficiently. 2. There is a corporate strategic framework that includes the elements illustrated in the layered diagram in Figure .

Conceptual Elements of a Corporate Strategic Framework for LIM

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM 3. A Single Responsible Officer fully accountable for the strategy and implementation of a City-wide LIM approach is clearly identified and publicised throughout the city. 4. A set of corporate land information data standards is agreed and endorsed amongst all stakeholders. Dataset custodians are appointed and data management plans agreed through service level agreements to ensure that data are maintained to an agreed quality threshold. 5. Robust business cases underpin all planned investments in LIM.

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM 6. Revenue budgets are in place to support effective data maintenance, the updating of technology (hardware and software) and human resource development. 7. A metadatabase allows stakeholders to explore and share existing sources of land information, minimising any duplication of effort. 8. All staff involved in LIM are an integral part of the Human Resource Management strategy and have a well defined career path.

Characteristics of an Effective City-wide LIM 9. A corporate steering group is operational to oversee the City-wide LIM strategy and this steering group liaises with aid organisations and data users. 10. Web based, desktop access to land information is available across the city’s organisations at all levels of decision-making. 11. Citizens are provided with access, through appropriate channels, to land information to support service delivery and participatory democracy.