Managing a Multi-Function Radar from an operational perspective Fok Bolderheij (Capt. RNLN, PhD) Netherlands Defence Academy

Contents RNLN requirements leading to MFR procurement MFR Management Issues Integration of Sensor Management into C2 Three Stage Sensor Management Concept Use of Sensor Performance Models Simulation Results

Evolving Threat Multiple Threats Environmental Conditions Different Target Characteristics Velocity Manoeuvrability Radar Cross Section Altitude Environmental Conditions Meteorology Geography Oceanography Electronic Counter Measures SBS SSS RECCE SOJ

Evolutional Design….. Picture: courtesy Thales NNL

Solution : APAR MFR

Multifunctionality Search Functions Track Functions Weapon Control Horizon Search Short Range Horizon Search Limited Volume Search Cued Search Helicopter Search Track Functions Surface Tracks Air Tracks Helicopter Tracks Weapon Control Surface gun fire control Missile Guidance Picture: courtesy Thales NNL

Time – Energy Budget Allocation of EM energy to specific MFR functions Face 1 occupation 100% Horizon search Short range search Limited volume search Confirmation Cued Search Target designation Air track Weapon (target) track Missile track Missile Acquisition Midcourse guidance Terminal illumination 0% time

MFR Management Issues Allocation of the Time Energy Budget (TEB) : the EM energy available and the related time for surveillance, tracking and weapon control functions is only limited available  functions have to be prioritised Operational restrictions like Rules of Engagement or Emission Control plans have to be taken in to account Each function has to be optimised with respect to a specific task and the environmental conditions Many degrees of Freedom: Complex Human Machine Interface

Sensor Management Operator Decisions : when to use which sensor and sensor function for picture compilation or weapon control while taking into account: Emission Control plans Rules of Engagement how to set a sensor for optimal results with respect to the mission objectives and meteorological/ geographical conditions

Sensor Management Context Diagram Operator Common Operational Picture Mission Related Information Sensor Management System Sensor Sensor Settings C2 System Sensor Observations

Command and Control (I) Picture Compilation Processes Observe Orient Sensor Operational Picture Decide Act Sensor Management Processes

Basic OP object attributes: OP Object Properties Basic OP object attributes: state vector (position, velocity, acceleration) type/class identity …… related uncertainties

Compilation of Virtual Objects: Prior Information Compilation of Virtual Objects: Expected state vector (position, velocity, acceleration, direction, ….) type/class identity …… Structured use of Intelligence

Command and Control (II) Picture Compilation Detect Track Classify Identify Fuse Determine Threat Recognise Intent Estimate Risk Analyse Behaviour Mine Data Plans Mission Knowledge Operational Picture System Knowledge Env. Knowledge Plan Evaluate Construct Task (Monitor) Select Resource Control Resource Mission Management Resource Management Sensor Weapon C4I Platform Crew

Task Priorisation Dynamic Bayesian Network  Time slice  Missile Killed Target Detected 1 Hard Kill Missile Destroyed Range Soft Kill Missile In Range Crashed Time Able to Launch Intend to Home Intend to Launch Target Detected 2 Conflict Level Missile Missile Missile Missile in in Homing Detonated Launcher Flight  Time slice   Time slice   Time slice   Time slice 

Sensor Management Three Sensor Management Stages : Analyse the contents of the Operational Picture w.r.t. uncertainty, missing information  Construct Task Determine which of the available sensors is the most appropriate  Select Sensor Optimise the selected sensor for this task  Control Sensor

Required Knowledge Knowledge about the System Knowledge about the Environment Knowledge about the Target (Mission)

Sensor Performance Models Knowledge about the system Cone of Silence Knowledge about the Target No detection due to multipath Knowledge about the Environment No detection due to Radar horizon

Sensor Performance Analysis Performance Optimisation Model Utilisation Sensor Performance Analysis Performance Optimisation Sensor Selection Mechanism

Performance Visualisation

Simulation Orange Country y-pos (km) x-pos (km) SSM site 2 Carrier (70,55) SSM site 2 (80,115) Carrier (135,100) x-pos (km) ® y-pos (km) 25 50 75 100 125 150 ADCF (90,0)

Function Selection and Budget Allocation

Summary Sensor Management has to be integrated in C2 The Operational Picture is the basis of Sensor Management Not Functions, but Tasks are prioritised Validated Performance Models required Use of Environmental Information Autonomous Adaptive Sensor Deployment is feasible