The airway epithelium nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 inflammasome is activated by urban particulate matter Jeremy A. Hirota,

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The airway epithelium nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 inflammasome is activated by urban particulate matter Jeremy A. Hirota, PhD, Simon A. Hirota, PhD, Stephanie M. Warner, BSc, Dorota Stefanowicz, BSc, Furquan Shaheen, BSc, Paul L. Beck, MD, PhD, Justin A. MacDonald, PhD, Tillie-Louise Hackett, PhD, Don D. Sin, MD, Stephan Van Eeden, MD, Darryl A. Knight, PhD Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 129, Issue 4, Pages 1116-1125.e6 (April 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033 Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 1 Characterization of caspase-1 and NLRP3 expression in human airway epithelium. A-C, Serial bronchial sections stained (brown) for caspase-1 (Fig 1, A), NLRP3 (Fig 1, B), and isotype control (Fig 1, C; n = 5). D-F, Confocal microscopic images of caspase-1 (Fig 1, D), NLRP3 (Fig 1, E), and isotype control (Fig 1, F) protein expression in primary human airway epithelial cells and THP-1 macrophages (G-I). Positive staining is shown in red, and 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride nuclear staining is shown in blue. J, Immunoblots for caspase-1 and NLRP3. Bands correspond to predicted molecular weight. K, Baseline gene expression for caspase-1, NLRP3, and IL-1β in epithelial cells normalized to THP-1 macrophages. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 2 IL-1β production, caspase-1 activation, and NLRP3 expression in primary airway epithelial cells after incubation with 500 μg/mL PM10 for 24 hours. A, IL-1β production in epithelial cell culture supernatant normalized to cell pellet protein content (in picograms per milliliter per milligram; glyburide, 100 μmol/L; Z-YVAD-FMK, 2 μmol/L). B, Ratio of cleaved casp1-p20 subunit to procaspase-1. C, Immunoblot of caspase-1 and NLRP3 expression after PM10 exposure. D and E, Caspase-1 and NLRP3 gene expression after PM10 exposure in epithelial cells. F, PM10-induced IL-1β production after siRNA knockdown of NLRP3 (see the Methods section in this article’s Online Repository). *P < .05 compared with medium plus vehicle. &P < .05 compared with PM10 plus vehicle. All data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 5). Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 3 In vitro PM10-induced changes in oxidative status of airway epithelial cells. A and B, Live cell imaging of airway epithelial cells treated with control PBS (Fig 3, A) or PM10 (Fig 3, B). C, Average staining intensity per unit area of stain quantified for 3 random fields of view from 3 independent experiments. *P < .05 compared with PBS control. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 4 PM10-induced inflammatory responses in lungs of Nlrp3−/− and littermate WT control mice. A, BAL fluid IL-1β levels (in picograms per milliliter). B, BAL fluid total inflammatory cell numbers. C, BAL fluid neutrophil numbers. D, BAL macrophage numbers. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 5). *P < .05 compared with WT saline. &P < .05 compared with WT PM10. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 5 PM10-induced inflammatory responses and effect of glyburide treatment in WT C57Bl/6 mice. A, BAL fluid IL-1β (in picograms per milliliter). B, BAL fluid total inflammatory cell numbers. C, BAL fluid neutrophil numbers. D, BAL fluid macrophage numbers. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 5). *P < .05 compared with vehicle plus saline. &P < .05 compared with vehicle plus PM10. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 6 Airway inflammation and PM10 deposition in airway epithelium after exposure. A-C, Hematoxylin and eosin staining at ×20 magnification. D-F, Hematoxylin and eosin staining at ×100 magnification. Black arrows point to PM10 in airway epithelial cells. G-I, IL-1β immunohistochemistry (brown) with hematoxylin counterstaining (blue; ×100 magnification). Representative images from 5 experiments. SAL, Saline. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig 7 Quantification of PM10-induced changes in dendritic cell surface marker expression in intrathoracic lymph nodes. A, Four hours after exposure. B, Twenty-four hours after exposure. Data are expressed as means ± SEMs (n = 3-5). *P < .05 compared with WT plus saline. &P < .05 compared with WT plus PM10. C and D, Representative 2-parameter histograms demonstrating gating strategies used to identify CD11c+hi/MHC class II+hi cells 24 hours after exposure: Fig 7, C, WT plus saline; Fig 7, D, WT plus PM10. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E1 Dose response of EHC-93 and SRM-1649a PM10 on human airway epithelial cells. A, IL-1β production in cell culture supernatant. B, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. C, Counting of cell viability by using trypan blue exclusion methods. *P < .05 compared with control. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E2 Immunoblot of airway epithelial cell lysates for IL-1β expression. Equal amounts of protein (30 μg) were loaded into each well. The red box highlights faintly cleaved IL-1β. Data are representative of 3 independent blots. Arrowheads denote corresponding IL-1β forms. DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E3 IL-1β production in THP-1 macrophage cell culture supernatant normalized to cell pellet protein content (in picograms per milliliter per milligram). DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide. ∗P < .05 compared with media plus DMSO. &P < .05 compared with PM10 plus DMSO Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

Fig E4 Lung lavage fluid IL-1β levels and total inflammatory cell numbers in WT C57Bl/6 mice treated with PM10. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2012 129, 1116-1125.e6DOI: (10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.033) Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions